History of psychology. Psychology schools (most important)

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History of psychology. Psychology schools (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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53. SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Functionalism

William James (1842-1910) argued that the inner experience of a person is not a series of elements, but a stream of consciousness, it is distinguished by subjective selectivity (the ability to invariably make a choice). He proposed a concept according to which transformations in the muscular and vascular systems of the body become primary, and the expansive states generated by them become secondary.

Behaviorism

As an object of psychology, he analyzes behavior as a complex of reactions of the organism, determined by its communication with the stimuli of the environment to which it adapts. Founder - D. Watson. The unit of consideration of behavior contained a stimulus accessible to external objective observation, independent of consciousness - reactive connections.

Psychoanalysis

Z. Freud (1856-1939) discovers powerful layers of psychic forces, processes and mechanisms incomprehensible to man. The core dogma - real motives are hidden from consciousness, but actually they dominate behavior.

The personality structure is depicted as follows:

1) id (unconscious part of the subject, in which the unconscious causes of his behavior are accumulated);

2) ego (the conscious part, with the help of which the individual builds his relationship with reality);

3) super-ego (a force that controls an area not realized by a person, not allowing its manifestations to penetrate into conscious life). Central energies that determine human behavior (according to Z. Freud):

1) libido - the energy of gravity possessing a sexual nature;

2) thanatos - a tendency to destruction. Gestalt psychology

Appeared in opposition to behaviorism. At the origins are Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967) and Kurt

Koffka (1886-1941).

Gestaltists did not agree with additional elements that systematize the sensory composition of consciousness from the outside, giving it structure, form, gestalt, and put forward the postulate that structure is inherent in this composition itself. Gestalt itself is a kind of activity scheme that, according to characteristic laws, forms a hierarchy of diversity of specific phenomena and phenomena.

Patterns characteristic of Gestalt psychology:

1) the desire of specific elements to form a whole;

2) the elements move in the direction of coordination;

3) a feature of any phenomenon is the desire to take from a vague form a completed scheme with a certain result. The personal world is analyzed in two aspects:

1) as a physiological certainty - the processes taking place in the brain, as a reproduction of stimulus influences;

2) as a psychic exclusive reality.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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