History of psychology. E. B. Titchener's structural school (most important)

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History of psychology. E. B. Titchener's structural school (most important)

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54. E. B. TITCHENER'S STRUCTURAL SCHOOL

Edward Bradford Titchener, famous during his lifetime as the father of experimental psychology in America, discovered in the USA a fundamentally "new psychology", the experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt and others, thus influencing the transition from thought philosophy to psychology in the form in which it lives in the present moment. His most important contribution, without a doubt, is that he gave psychology a scientific status. He formed operational methods and scientific apparatus and insisted on the need for rigorous training of experimental psychologists. He portrayed the object of psychology in the guise of a system of primitive conscious states (sensations, ideas, perceptions), from which all the diversity of inner life is created.

The task of psychology, in his opinion, is not an analysis of the role played by the intellect in behavior, but the disclosure of simple structures of consciousness that cannot be further divided, the elucidation of the laws of integration of these elements, and the discovery of the connection between psychological components and physiological processes. The central method of psychology in this case is analytical introspection, in which the observer participating in the experience is required to depict the elements of consciousness not in terms of external objects, but in terms of feelings. The structural school that arose as a result of the work of E. B. Titchener considers consciousness to be its object, comprehended by dividing into components what is given to the subject in his introspection, in order to then reveal the general laws by which the structure is formed from them.

By introspection, one should understand not ordinary self-observation, but a special ability, formed by special training, to depict the phenomena of consciousness as such, abstracting from external objects represented by this consciousness. E. B. Titchener divided three categories of components: sensation (an elementary process that has quality, intensity, clarity, work), image and feeling. Rejecting the conclusions of the Wurzburg school that true thinking is independent of images, E. B. Titchener put forward a contextual theory of meaning, according to which all knowledge about a subject is based on a complex of sensory elements.

The structural method of E. B. Titchener had an important impact on the formation of the main trends of his time. Functionalism appeared as a reaction to the structuralism of E. B. Titchener (and W. Wundt), who focused their attention on the content of consciousness, but not on its function and excluded adaptation, personal differences, mental formation, zoopsychology and other movements associated with them. Behaviorism began as a protest against E. B. Titchener's exclusive interest in the contents of consciousness. Gestalt psychology, to some extent, also appeared as a reaction to the atomism of E. B. Titchener’s supporters in Germany.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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