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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Formula 1 car. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us "Formula 1" (eng. FIA Formula One World Championship) - the world championship in ring racing on cars with open wheels. The Formula 1 World Championship is held every year and consists of separate stages (with Grand Prix status). At the end of the year, the winner of the championship is revealed. In Formula 1, both individual pilots and teams compete. Pilots compete for the World Championship title, while teams compete for the Constructors' Championship. Teams participating in Formula 1 races use race cars (racing cars) of their own production at the Grand Prix. Thus, the task of the team is not only to hire a fast and experienced pilot and provide competent setup and maintenance of the car, but also to design and construct the car from scratch. But there are exceptions. For example, the chassis of the Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Toro Rosso teams were very similar, almost identical, until 2009. They were designed and manufactured by Red Bull Technology (Toro Rosso cars were based on Minardi and had significant differences from the main stable, and for some time continued to run with outdated V10 engines, with a modified air intake restrictor), since both teams and the company - The manufacturer belongs to Red Bull GmbH. Because the teams build cars using their own technology and due to the high level of competition between teams, Formula One is constantly developing original technical solutions, which leads to the progress of both racing cars and road cars.
In 1894, the first ever car race took place along the Paris-Rouen route, 127 kilometers long. Cars with any engines were allowed to participate in them. Applications were submitted by 102 riders. However, only 21 cars managed to start (14 of them had internal combustion engines, 7 - steam engines), and only 13 gasoline and 2 steam cars finished the race. The first prize was shared by Levassor's Panard (who drove the car himself) and Peugeot with Daimler engines. They showed an average speed of 20,5 kilometers per hour. Formula 1 racing started in the 1950s. Today, a car of this class costs about $6000000. The Formula 1 car is a computer on wheels, the power of which is enough to ensure the flight of the Shuttle. The on-board computer continuously records more than 100 parameters. She leaves part of the information in her RAM, and transmits the rest via telemetry to a stationary computer in the box. With its help, mechanics and engineers monitor the main parameters of the engine - speed, temperature, pressure, fuel consumption, and also evaluate other critical characteristics - for example, the temperature of the suspension of the right rear wheel. In general, the on-board computer is his assistant and friend. But not the only one, of course. Do not forget about the pilot and in the boxes. From time to time there are commands on the radio like: "Mika, increase the fuel supply by one ..." Or: "David, on the next lap we change the wheels ..." And these commands are strictly carried out by riders who understand: everything is calculated, from the outside more visible... Racing cars are created on the basis of the latest technologies. These technologies are subsequently often used on conventional vehicles. So, disc brakes and turbocharging were first tested on racing cars.
The body of Formula 1 cars is made of ultra-light materials, which include, for example, carbon fibers. The basic structure is independent of the designer and consists of three main components: the cockpit, the front and rear suspension with wheels and the engine interlocked with the gearbox. At the same time, the engine also serves as a load-bearing structural element. The main part of the front suspension is hidden under the nose cone. It serves not only to improve aerodynamics. A thick, solid wall built into it protects the pilot's legs in the event of a collision with an obstacle on the track. When finishing the body, they pay attention to even the smallest details that can interfere with the achievement of maximum speed. The streamlined shape is the result of painstaking research by engineers and repeated tests in a wind tunnel. It significantly reduces air resistance at high speeds, and the cars go faster than three hundred kilometers per hour on straight lines, which reduces power consumption and fuel consumption and, of course, increases speed as a result. In order for the car not to lose stability at high speeds, a rear wing is attached to the body. The front wing provides downforce to the car. Racing engine power - 850-900 horsepower. Such a motor weighs about 150 kilograms, since it is as light as possible due to the use of high-quality aluminum for cylinders, all kinds of light but durable materials for other parts. The life of the motor under crazy racing loads is not very long. Before the start of the season and between races, the test driver drives hundreds of kilometers. On the track, an incorruptible module is vigilantly watching him and records everything in his electronic "conduit". Therefore, at the slightest "sneeze" of the engine, the team immediately launches its testing program. And if any of the diagnostic tests show that something is wrong in the engine, it is immediately removed, packed in a beautiful aluminum container and sent to the manufacturer. And put a spare on the car. During the race, the team can only pray that nothing happens to the engine. His change is out of the question. Tires are another matter. At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, race car designers realized how important grip was for a fast car. For almost a decade and a half since then, racing tires have grown fat and swollen by leaps and bounds, until, finally, the width of the profile has not exceeded the diameter. But then the FIA intervened and limited the size of racing tires, thereby turning the thoughts of tire engineers from the extensive to the intensive path. After all, it is possible to increase the grip of the wheels with the road not only due to a larger contact patch, but also by using materials of higher viscosity. So by the beginning of the 1980s, super-soft tires appeared. All racing tires are more alike than twins. The only difference is that some have a pattern on the tread, while others (most of them) have a smooth matte black surface. These are the so-called slicks - the logical result of the search for an increase in the maximum contact patch of the tire with the track surface. Introduced in 1970 (before that it was believed that the pattern helps to cool the tire), they are now used everywhere - not only in Formula 1, but also on any other racing cars. It is clear that the advantages of slicks can only appear on a dry track. As soon as it rains, a car on such tires turns into a real "cow on ice". For wet weather, "rain" rubber is used with grooves that accelerate the parting of the tire with moisture. The modern tire has a tubeless radial design with a carcass made of nylon cords of various thicknesses. Cord fibers are sealed with a layer of rubber to prevent their mutual friction, which generates heat. The treadmill is made from a mixture of natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black, oils and resins. The exact composition is strictly classified.
The designers managed to choose the composition of the rubber compound in such a way that the tire literally sticks to the track. However, as you might guess, such rubber is short-lived. Not because, of course, it really sticks to the asphalt. Warming up during the race, and the optimum operating temperature of the tire is within 100 degrees Celsius, the mixture is exposed to chemical reactions, in turn, further raising the temperature inside the tire - over 120 degrees. This leads to the fact that the tire seems to "boil", begins to bubble and, in the end, breaks into pieces. Back in the 1980s, tire change stops were generally random. The pilot drove into the pits for a “pit stop” only if he damaged the tires during a collision with another car, or drove off the track and dirt stuck to the tires, or during a sharp braking, the asphalt, like a rasp, erased the rubber from the jammed wheel. But with the advent of tires of varying stiffness, managers realized that instead of one set of harder and more durable tires, soft ultra-fast tires could be used, replacing them during the race. This gave a gain of a few seconds, but brought additional drama to the competition. Since 1994, about twenty people have been employed to service cars in the boxes. Three mechanics deal with each wheel, two work with jacks in front and behind the car, one maintains contact with the pilot, three fill the car, two are on duty with fire extinguishers. Such a team changes all four wheels and pours several tens of liters of fuel into the tank in 10-12 seconds. The best wheel change time (refueling was not yet allowed) was shown by McLaren mechanics in 1991 - 4,28 seconds! However, you still need to get to the pits - slow down, go to the "pit line" ("garage lane"), then get back on the track, passing the rivals rushing along it. As a result of the "pit stop" the pilot loses a total of 20 seconds to a minute (depending on the configuration of the track). Therefore, the gain from the use of two sets of soft rubber should be more than thirty seconds, otherwise there is no need to fence the garden. The abundance of varieties of racing tires and the possibility of replacing it during the race led to negative results. Firstly, driving in and out of the pits means a certain risk for both riders and mechanics. But the main thing - the cost of "tire service" has sharply increased. Formula 1 drivers are sometimes referred to as gladiators. Indeed, the risk of injury on the track, and even die, is quite large. In order to reduce it as much as possible, the cockpit of the car is made of especially durable materials. Often during the broadcast of races, you can see how, when hitting the bump stop, the wheels and pieces of the car body scatter towards the side. It seems that the pilot cannot be saved, but he is alive and well thanks to the saving cockpit. Pilot clothing is of great importance for the safety of the pilot. At the dawn of the world championships, in the 1950s, clothing could only protect the rider from ... a light breeze. Today's formularist clothes are more reminiscent of the clothes of an astronaut or a pilot of a supersonic fighter. The standards of the International Auto Federation regarding the maximum safety of the rider are very strict.
A helmet that, from a simple headdress made of papier-mâché and retaining, say, a haircut, turned into a formidable defense, superior in efficiency to the steel helmets of medieval knights. Today's helmets weigh about 1,2 kilograms and are three times lighter than the first models, which appeared in 1968 and were made of fiberglass. A transparent visor made of LEXAN material, which replaced glass in 1992, withstands a frontal impact of a stone launched at a speed of 500 kilometers per hour.
The modern wardrobe of a pilot also includes a safety "collar", which is necessary for overloads (up to 4,5 g) that occur on long, fast turns, where a poorly trained pilot can easily tear the neck muscles. The balaclava ("balaclava") is made of fire-resistant fabric. Underwear and overalls are made of NOMEX flame retardant material - the only one approved for use in the Formula 1 "studio". NOMEX guarantees the safety of the rider in the acetylene flame: temperature of 700 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 20 seconds! Even the threads used to sew the jumpsuit are made from NOMEX. Gloves also in NOMEX with a leather palm for optimal grip on the suede handlebars; they sit tight and are attached to the arm with VELCRO straps. The racing boots are made of leather and covered, of course, with NOMEX, and also have foam treads to protect against impacts in the cockpit. The outsole is made of highly compressed rubber. Each rider has his favorite tracks, where it is easiest for him to show his best qualities. There is a legendary track in Monte Carlo, where every racer dreams of winning. And there is the most modern track built at the end of the XNUMXth century. The Formula 1 track in Malaysian Sepang is a sterile, super-technological facility that bears little resemblance to classic tracks like the Nurburgring or Silverstone. The magnificent circuit was designed by the German firm of Hermann Tilke "Tilke Engineering & Architecture". Today it has practically no competitors in this area. The Malaysians completed the construction of the racing ring in just three years. For this, banana groves had to be cut down on an area of 250 hectares. Instead of the jungle, there are now stands with a roof, shaped like banana leaves, a colossal shopping center and other joys of civilization. All this is seasoned with oriental hospitality, amazing service and national ambitions. $120 million was spent on the construction of the route. Michael Schumacher described the track in one word: "tricky". There are some very fast corners here that riders pedal to the floor in fifth gear. And there are very slow, overcome on the second. There are two 800-meter straights, one after the other, where the speed is over 300 kilometers per hour. Accordingly, the load on the brakes is huge, as in Monza or on German tracks. All teams and all riders have been testing the track virtually before the first arrival in Malaysia in 1999: on computer simulators. Rubens Barrichello said that he learned the Sepang ring in advance using a regular game console. But reality, as it should be, turned out to be more complicated than its imitation. "The track looks easier than it actually is," Ralf Schumacher said after the free practice. "The corners are slower than they look, some places on the track are very slippery." In general, the opinion of most riders is that the track is technical, difficult, but beautiful and promising. “There are some tight corners,” explains Eddie Irvine, “where you can’t see the exit of the corner. Plus there are very long corners. And because there are so many different types of corners, it’s very difficult to find the right balance of the car. In terms of physical activity The track was not very difficult and it was cooler inside the car than outside." Eddie, of course, is more visible, but after the races, the racers crawl out of the cockpits in overalls darkened with moisture, as if they had just swum. But there was no rain. Team managers, however, do not get tired of admiring the infrastructure of the track in Sepang. "Malaysia deserves the highest praise, this is the ring of the XNUMXst century," Eddie Jordan, the owner of the team of the same name, said at a press conference. Chief “McLaren” Ron Denis was short: “The track is great!” Author: Musskiy S.A.
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