History of psychology. Development of ancient psychological science (most important)

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History of psychology. Development of ancient psychological science (most important)

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

The formation of ancient psychology took place in the 16th century. BC e. - IV century n. e. This is the time of formation, flourishing and decline of Greco-Roman civilization. The works of Greek thinkers reflected a revolution in the scientific worldview, that is, the mythological nature of the world was refuted, and it was replaced by a scientific rationalistic view of the world around us - of nature, of human society. But still, the main concept reflecting mental phenomena remains “soul,” although attempts are being made to rationalize this concept. The old faith and legends were losing their meaning, and more rational areas of knowledge were developing at a rapid pace - mathematical, medical, astronomical, geographical. A critical mindset was strengthened, as was the desire for independent and logical justification of opinions. The first philosophical treatises appeared, the authors of which take one or another type of matter as the basis of the world: the indefinite infinite substance “aleuron” (Anaximander), water (Thales), air (Anaximenes), fire (Heraclitus).

The ideas of Heraclitus were based on the inseparable connection of the soul of any person with the cosmos, on the procedural nature of mental states in conjunction with prepsychic states, on the subordination of all mental phenomena to the laws of the human material world. In connection with the loss of political independence by the large commercial and industrial centers of Miletus and Ephesus

Since then, the East of the ancient Greek world ceases to be the basis of philosophical creativity. The new basis is the west. The teachings of Parmenides (at the end of the 490th century BC) and Empedocles (in 430-XNUMX BC) arose. In Agrigenta, located on the island of Sicily, the philosophy of Pythagoras from the island of Samos spreads. Athens in the XNUMXth century BC e. were the center of the most intensive work of philosophical thought. Then the activities of the so-called teachers of wisdom - the sophists - began. Institutions arose that required eloquence, education, the art of refuting, persuading, that is, the ability to effectively influence a person not through external coercion, but through psychological influence on their intellect and feelings. Socrates opposed the sophists, who believed that concepts and values should have a general and unshakable content. Major successes of that time in philosophy and science are associated with the activities of Democritus and Abdera, who created the atomic theory. Two great thinkers, Plato and Aristotle, created works that for many centuries had a profound influence on the philosophical and psychological thought of mankind. Ancient Rome produced such major thinkers as Lucretius (XNUMXst century BC) and Galen (XNUMXnd century AD). Later, when slave uprisings and civil wars began in the Roman Empire, views hostile to materialism (Plato, Neoplatonism) became widespread.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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