24. REFLECTOR LEARNING

Reflexes (from Latin reflexus - "turned back, reflected") are the reactions of the body excited by the central nervous system when the receptors are irritated by agents of the internal or external environment; are found in the emergence or transformation of the functional activity of organs and the whole organism.

The concept of “reflex” was first put forward by the French philosopher R. Descartes. Even in the period of ancient medicine, the differentiation of human motor actions into “voluntary”, causing the participation of consciousness in their implementation, and “involuntary”, realized without the participation of consciousness, was revealed. R. Descartes' teaching about the reflex principle of nervous activity is based on knowledge about the structure of involuntary movements. The entire process of a nervous act, characterized by automatism and involuntariness, consists of exciting the tactile apparatus, carrying out their effects along the peripheral nerves to the brain and from the brain to the muscles.

The most important contribution to the doctrine of the reflex and the reflex apparatus was made by C. Bell and F. Magendie. They found that all tactile (afferent) fibers enter the spinal cord as part of the posterior roots, while efferent (motor) fibers leave the spinal cord as part of the anterior roots. This discovery allowed the English physician and physiologist M. Hall to argue a clear opinion about the reflex arc and widely apply the doctrine of the reflex and the reflex arc in the clinic.

By the second half of the XIX century. knowledge about the common elements in the structures of both reflex (involuntary) and voluntary movements, which are attributed to the results of the mental activity of the brain and opposed to reflex ones, is expanding.

I. M. Sechenov in his work "Reflexes of the Brain" (1863) argued that "all acts of conscious and unconscious life are reflexes according to the mode of origin."

He argued the idea of ​​the universal significance of the reflex principle in the activity of the spinal cord and brain for both involuntary, automatic and voluntary movements associated with the participation of consciousness and mental activity of the brain. The scientific works of Ch. Sherrington, N. E. Vvedensky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, I. S. Beritashvili proved the judgment on the coordination and unification of reflex reactions of certain arcs in the functional activity of organs based on the interaction of excitation and inhibition in reflex centers. The study of the histological organization of the nervous system plays an important role in elucidating the mechanisms of reflex activity.

The Spanish histologist S. Ramon y Cajal scientifically proved that the neuron is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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