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62. DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY
During the crisis of a new approach to the study of the inner world of the subject, the German philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911), a representative of the "philosophy of life", criticized traditional philosophical schools with claims to a new worldview created in life itself, this only reality studied with the help of creative instincts and brilliant intuition. The main psychological treatise is Descriptive Psychology (1894).
According to W. Dilthey, all sciences about the spirit should be based on psychology. The natural-science affiliation of psychology, especially during its formation as an autonomous science, takes on a negative connotation in V. Dilthey. The positions of psychology, which V. Dilthey calls explanatory, were criticized, its assumptions in the image of elements - atoms and their associations, etc., which cannot be argued. The comprehensiveness of human nature was not its object - explanatory psychology cannot interpret the true life of the soul because it deals with meager phenomena and interprets them erroneously. The natural sciences had at their disposal facts that were transmitted from the outside, with the help of sensations, as single phenomena. In psychology, facts are brought forward from within as a kind of living connection of inner life, as something primordial.
The antithesis of understanding and explanation is the main methodological principle of descriptive psychology. This opposition was a kind of critique of naturalization in psychological study, which is inherent in natural science-oriented psychology. Understanding as a method of comprehending psychology is fundamentally different from introspection. Comprehension is not identical with expedient knowledge in terms: descriptive psychology must reveal the impossibility of elevating disturbances as an abstract category into concepts. The objects of descriptive psychology are a cultured person and the fullness of a ready-made inner life. It must be described, comprehended and analyzed in all its unity.
The principles of W. Dilthey were developed in the spiritual and scientific psychology of Eduard Springer (1882-1963). Its tasks were to study the relationship of the personal spiritual structure of the personality to the structure of the objective spirit and to discover the types of semantic aspirations, which were called "forms of life".
From the general statement of V. Dilthey about the interaction of the structure of inner life with culture and about value as determined by the expansive attitude of the personality, E. Springer proceeds to the systematization of values and produces it according to a more objective than emotional attitude, as was the case with V. Dilthey, the beginning.
E. Springer identifies six types of objective values: abstract, economic, aesthetic, social, political, religious.
Author: Anokhina Z.V.
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