History of psychology. The doctrine of the psyche and consciousness (the most important)

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History of psychology. The doctrine of the psyche and consciousness (the most important)

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32. THE DOCTRINE OF PSYCHE AND CONSCIOUSNESS

The psyche is a reproduction of objective reality, found by the subject in behavior and activity. In a broad sense, it is the totality of all mental phenomena. There are various degrees of psyche inherent in all living organisms: from unicellular (simple) to the most highly organized - man.

All mental phenomena are connected with the activity of the brain - the central nervous system. At the beginning of the XX century. two central sciences of the psyche took shape on the basis of the study of empirical data (practical examinations) - the physiology of higher nervous activity and psychophysiology. The relationship between brain activity and behavioral features was considered by I. M. Sechenov. Subsequent studies of the psyche were continued by IP Pavlov, who formed the theory of conditioned reflex learning. Merit in the study of psychophysiology belongs to a number of domestic (P. K. Anokhin) and foreign (K. Hull) scientists.

N. A. Bernshtein empirically argued that no primitive physical movement is performed without the participation of the psyche. The founder of the psychophysiology of learning is the American scientist K. Hull. He analyzed the innate and acquired mechanisms of regulation of adaptation to the environment and the stability of maintaining a harmonious state within the body itself - the functions of homeostasis (physico-biochemical reactions that regulate the stability of the internal environment: blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory movements, body temperature, etc.).

The psyche (psyche - "soul", "butterfly") in a narrow interpretation is an individual image of the objective world. In other words, each specific person sees the surrounding reality in his own way, depending on the characteristics of his character. In the mental and physiological sense, any kind of flora and fauna has limits in the degree of mental maturation, which is revealed with the help of elementary responses to external stimuli (the phenomenon of irritability) to complex conscious actions or the application of cognitive processes in animals.

Consciousness is a form of reproduction of objective reality in the human psyche, characterized by the fact that elements of socio-historical practice are put forward as an indirect, intermediate factor, allowing the construction of objective (established) pictures of the world. The starting point of socio-historical practice is a jointly implemented activity. In the subjective formation, some components of the activity are gradually mastered by the child in common activity with adults.

Consciousness includes:

1) the ability to isolate oneself as an individual from the surrounding reality and one's own kind;

2) individualization of knowledge for other people;

3) adequate reflection of reality.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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