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30. VULGAR MATERIALISM
Vulgar materialism is a philosophical doctrine of the XNUMXth century, created on the basis of simpler materialistic views in comparison with the activity of the human psyche and its ability to reproduce the surrounding reality.
Main Representatives:
1) Karl Vogt (Vogt) (1817-1895) - German naturalist, dealt with problems in the field of biology and geology. The antagonist of the materialistic ideas of K. Marx, who criticized his judgments in the pamphlet "Mr. Vogt" in 860;
2) Ludwig Büchner (1824-1899) - a German physiologist, an adherent of natural science ideas, social Darwinism - a trend in sociology that applies the scientific achievements of Charles Darwin, formed on the transfer of the position of the struggle for existence from the animal and plant worlds to the laws of the historical evolution of society (war , class struggle, nationalism, etc.);
3) Jacob Moleschott (1822-1893) - Dutch philosopher and physiologist. He is an adherent of the natural-scientific way of comprehending the surrounding reality. His views were sharply criticized by representatives of Marxism.
The opposite of the philosophy of vulgar materialism was the formation in the 1840s. K. Marx and F. Engels of metaphysical, philosophical and historical materialistic teachings.
Differences between Marxist materialism and vulgar materialism: a revolutionary rather than a reformist approach to the process of increasing information about the real world. Criticism of dialectical views had an impact on natural phenomena in their interconnections and interactions, as well as on the laws of activity of a person's mental reflection of the environment and social formation as a whole. The starting point was a metaphysical way of comprehending the world in the presence of the need for its revolutionary reorganization.
Key provisions of this method:
1) the presence of a total connection of phenomena in nature and society;
2) infinity of dynamics and transformations in the physical world;
3) "struggle of opposites" as a foundation for evolutionary development;
4) continuous transition of quantitative modifications to qualitative ones.
Without rejecting the views of natural science in information about the world, the materialism of K. Marx (philosophical doctrine) also proceeds from the materiality of the world, taking into account the laws of the dynamics of matter; existence as an objective reality, living outside and autonomous from consciousness; the primacy of matter as a source of consciousness, feelings and judgments.
Consciousness is a reproduction of matter and being as a whole, in contrast to the natural scientific opinions of vulgar materialists, who combine the activity of mental processes in the central nervous system and their effect on the body to a simplified explanation of this from the point of view of only physiology, chemistry, biology, etc.
Author: Anokhina Z.V.
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