История психологии. Учение о головном мозге (самое важное)

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История психологии. Учение о головном мозге (самое важное)

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26. STUDY ABOUT THE BRAIN

Already in ancient times, there was a search for a substrate - the carrier of the psyche. The Pythagoreans believed that the soul was located in the brain. Hippocrates considered only the carnal phenomena of the soul to be the heart, and considered the brain to be the organ of the mind. Just like Nemesius, who placed the function of perception in the anterior ventricle of the brain, thinking in the middle, and memory in the posterior, in the Middle Ages Magnus also attributed the mental abilities of the soul to the anterior, and memory to the posterior ventricle of the brain. In modern times, there is a tendency to attribute all mental abilities not to various areas of the brain, but only to one of them. It is known that R. Descartes placed the soul in the pineal gland, and other scientists - in the white matter of the brain or in its corpus callosum. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. F. Gall's phrenological system is particularly famous, according to which each psychological ability corresponds to a specific part of the brain. A so-called “brain map” emerged. F. Gall's mistake was that he sought to automatically impose a system of mental abilities on the morphological structure of the brain. J. Flourens, with the help of a series of experiments, confirmed what was put forward back in the 1th century. A. Haller's hypothesis that the brain is not a collection of independent organs, but a single homogeneous whole that does not have a clearly defined specialization. In 1, P. Brock, based on clinical observations, discovered a speech center in the brain. This discovery was the starting point for Broca that each of the mental functions has a strictly limited place in the brain. To prove this conclusion, a short time after P. Broca’s discovery, “visual memory centers” (A. Bastian, 1861), “writing centers” (Z. Exner, 1869), and “concept centers” ( J. Charcot, 1861), etc. Thanks to the experimental research of A. Fritsch and K. Hitzig in 1887, it was possible to determine the presence of motor centers in the cerebral cortex.

T. Meinert (1867) substantiated that the cortical layer of the brain consists of a large number of cells, each of which is the carrier of its own mental function.

It became possible to cope with such errors only after the works of Russian scientists I. M. Sechenov, V. M. Bekhterev and I. P. Pavlov, who proved that the brain is an organ of the psyche. In the middle of the XX century. underwent brain surgery.

Attention has increased to the question of the functional asymmetry of the human cerebral hemispheres, the insufficiency of morphological data and the need to supplement them, in particular with psychological analysis, were comprehended (R. Sperry, S. Springer, G. Deutsch). Analyzes prove that both hemispheres make an important contribution to the organization of behavior, but each hemisphere implements specialized functions.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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