Providing first aid for fractures

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Providing first aid for fractures

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

Fracture (violation of the integrity of the bone) can be closed and open (with damage to the skin).

With a fracture, acute local pain is noted, which increases with the movement of the limb and the load on it along the axis, swelling and an increase in the circumference of the limb segment at the level of the fracture. Absolute signs of a fracture: deformation of the damaged segment and pathological bone mobility.

First aid consists in transport immobilization of the limb, most often with the help of splints made from improvised materials (boards, plywood strips, etc.).

Properly performed transport immobilization prevents an increase in the displacement of bone fragments and reduces pain during transportation of the victim, and hence the possibility of developing traumatic shock, especially with a hip fracture. In the absence of means for splinting, the upper limb can be hung on a scarf or fixed to the body, the lower limb can be bandaged to a healthy limb.

When providing first aid to patients with open fractures, it is necessary to lubricate the skin around the wound with an alcohol solution of iodine.

With an open fracture, it is absolutely unacceptable to reduce the bone fragments protruding to the surface into the wound or cover them with soft tissues, since together with them infectious agents can penetrate into the deep tissues. Several sterile napkins should be applied to the bone fragments protruding from the wound.

With an open fracture of the limb with heavy bleeding, it is necessary to apply a hemostatic tourniquet (twist) above the fracture, which is applied before immobilization. To stop bleeding, apply a pressure bandage to the wound area. Fix the limb and deliver the victim to a specialized hospital.

When providing first aid, one should not seek to correct the existing deformity of the limb.

General principles of immobilization for fractures.

In case of fractures of long tubular bones, at least two joints adjacent to the damaged limb segment must be fixed. It is often necessary to fix three joints. Immobilization will be reliable if fixation of all joints that function under the influence of the muscles of this limb segment is achieved. So, with a fracture of the humerus, the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints are fixed; in case of a fracture of the bones of the lower leg, it is necessary to fix the knee, ankle and all joints of the foot and fingers.

The limb should be fixed in an average physiological position, in which the flexor and extensor muscles are equally relaxed.

During splinting, care must be taken with the injured limb to avoid additional injury. It is advisable to apply a splint with an assistant who holds the limb in the desired position.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko N.V.

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