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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Chandelier Chizhevsky - do it yourself. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electronics in medicine In recent years, a lot has been written about the "Chizhevsky Chandelier" in newspapers, broadcast on the radio, and mentioned in television programs. Moreover, reports were devoted to it at the International Conference "Conversion: Social, Environmental and Economic Aspects", held at the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation in April last year. The proposed article tells about the unique invention of our brilliant compatriot Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, whose centenary is celebrated in February of this year, about the independent production of a "chandelier" at home and the rules for its operation. Any advice in the process of manufacturing and operation of the unit can be obtained by phone: (095) 207-72-54, 207-88-18. Most of us pay a lot of attention to what we eat and drink, what kind of life we lead, and at the same time show absolutely insignificant interest in what we breathe. "Having built a dwelling," said Professor A. L. Chizhevsky, "man deprived himself of normal ionized air, he perverted his natural environment and came into conflict with the nature of his organism" [1]. In fact, numerous electrometric measurements have shown that the air of forests and meadows contains from 700 to 1500, and sometimes up to 15 negative air ions per cubic centimeter. The more air ions are contained in the air, the more useful it is. In living quarters, their number drops to ... 000 per cubic centimeter. This amount is barely enough to sustain the process of life. In turn, this contributes to fatigue, ailments and even diseases. You can increase the saturation of indoor air with negative air ions using a special device - an air ionizer. Already in the 25s, Professor A. L. Chizhevsky developed the principle of artificial air ionization and created the first design, which later became known as the Chizhevsky Chandelier. For many decades, Chizhevsky air ionizers have been comprehensively tested in laboratories, medical institutions, schools and kindergartens, at home and have shown high efficiency of air ionization as a preventive and therapeutic agent. Since 1963, after meeting A. L. Chizhevsky, the author of these lines has been introducing air ionization into everyday life, since the scientist believed that an air ionizer should enter our home in the same way as gas, water supply and electric light. Thanks to the active promotion of air ionification, today "Chizhevsky's Chandeliers" are manufactured by some enterprises. Unfortunately, their high cost does not allow sometimes to purchase such devices for the home. It is no coincidence that many radio amateurs dream of building an air ionizer on their own. Therefore, the story will focus on the device of the simplest design, which even a novice radio amateur can assemble. The main components of the air ionizer are an electro-fluvial "chandelier" and a voltage converter. An electro-fluvial "chandelier" (Fig. 1) is a generator of negative air ions. "Effluvius" in Greek means "outflow". This expression characterizes the working process of the formation of air ions: electrons flow down from the pointed parts of the "chandelier" at high speed (due to high voltage), which then "stick" to oxygen molecules. The air ions that have arisen in this way also acquire greater speed. The latter determines the "survivability" of air ions. The efficiency of the air ionizer largely depends on the design of the "chandelier". Therefore, special attention should be paid to its manufacture. The basis of the "chandelier" is a light metal rim (for example, a standard hula hoop gymnastic ring) with a diameter of 750 ... 1000 mm, on which bare or tinned copper wires with a diameter of 35 are pulled along mutually perpendicular axes with a step of 45 ... 0,6 mm .1,0...50 mm. They form part of the sphere - a grid sagging down. Needles no more than 0,25 mm long and 0,5 ... 1 mm thick are soldered into the grid nodes. It is desirable that they be sharpened as much as possible, since the current coming from the tip increases, and the possibility of the formation of a harmful by-product - ozone - decreases. It is convenient to use pins with a ring, which are usually sold in stationery stores (all-metal single-rod pin type 30-XNUMX - this is the name of the products of the Kuntsevsky needle-platinum plant).
Three copper wires with a diameter of 120 ... 0,8 mm are attached to the rim of the "chandelier" through 1 °, which are soldered together above the center of the rim. A high voltage is applied to this point. For the same point, the "chandelier" is attached with a fishing line with a diameter of 0,5 ... 0,8 mm to the ceiling or bracket at a distance of at least 150 mm. A voltage converter is needed to obtain a high voltage of negative polarity that feeds the "chandelier". The absolute value of the voltage must be at least 25 kV. Only at such a voltage is sufficient "survivability" of air ions ensured, which ensures their penetration into the lungs of a person. For a room such as a classroom or a school gym, the voltage of 40 ... 50 kV is optimal. It is not difficult to obtain this or that voltage by increasing the number of multiplier stages, however, one should not get carried away with high voltage, since there is a danger of a corona discharge, accompanied by the smell of ozone and a sharp decrease in the efficiency of the installation. A diagram of the simplest voltage converter, which has passed literally twenty years of repeatability testing [2], is shown in fig. 2a. Its feature is direct power supply from the network.
The device works like this. During the positive half-cycle of the mains voltage, capacitor C1 is charged through the resistor R1, the diode VD1 and the primary winding of the transformer T1. The trinistor VS1 is closed in this case, since there is no current through its control electrode (the voltage drop across the VD2 diode in the forward direction is small compared to the voltage required to open the trinistor). With a negative half-cycle, the diodes VD1 and VD2 close. A voltage drop is formed on the trinistor cathode relative to the control electrode (minus - on the cathode, plus - on the control electrode), a current appears in the control electrode circuit and the trinistor opens. At this moment, the capacitor C1 is discharged through the primary winding of the transformer. A high voltage pulse appears in the secondary winding (step-up transformer). And so - every period of mains voltage. High voltage pulses (they are two-sided, since when the capacitor is discharged, damped oscillations occur in the primary winding circuit) are rectified by a rectifier assembled according to the voltage multiplication circuit on VD3-VD6 diodes. A constant voltage from the output of the rectifier is supplied (through the limiting resistor R3) to the electro-fluvial "chandelier". Resistor R1 can be composed of three MLT-2 connected in parallel with a resistance of 3 kOhm, and R3 - of three or four MLT-2 connected in series with a total resistance of 10 ... 20 MΩ. Resistor R2 - MLT-2. Diodes VD1 and VD2 - any others for a current of at least 300 mA and a reverse voltage of at least 400 V (VD1) and 100 V (VD2). Diodes VD3-VD6 can be, in addition to those indicated in the diagram, KTs201G-KTs201E. Capacitor C1 - MBM for a voltage of at least 250 V, C2-C5 - POV for a voltage of at least 10 kV (C2 - at least 15 kV). Of course, other high-voltage capacitors for voltages of 15 kV or more are also applicable. Trinistor VS1 - KU201K, KU201L, KU202K-KU202N. Transformer T1 is a B2B ignition coil (6 V) from a motorcycle, but you can also use another one, for example, from a car. It is very attractive to use the TVS-110L6 line-scan television transformer in the air ionizer, the output 3 of which is connected to the capacitor C1, the outputs 2 and 4 are connected to the "common" wire (the control electrode of the trinistor and other parts), and the high-voltage wire is connected to the capacitor C3 and the diode VD3 (Fig. 2,6). In this variant, as practice has shown, it is desirable to use high-voltage diodes 7GE350AF or KTs105G and other diodes with a reverse voltage of at least 8 kV. The parts of the air ionizer should be mounted in a housing of appropriate dimensions so that there is a sufficient distance between the leads of high-voltage diodes and capacitors (Fig. 3). Even better, after installation, cover these leads with molten paraffin - then it will be possible to avoid the appearance of a corona discharge and the smell of ozone. The air ionizer does not need adjustment and starts working immediately after being connected to the network. You can change the constant voltage at the output of the air ionizer by selecting a resistor R1 or capacitor C1. For some instances of trinistors, sometimes it is necessary to select a resistor R2 according to the moment the trinistor opens at the minimum mains voltage. How to make sure that the air ionizer is working properly? The simplest indicator is cotton wool. A small piece of it is attracted to the "chandelier" from a distance of 50 ... 60 cm. Bringing (carefully!) Your hand to the tips of the needles, already at a distance of 7 ... 10 cm feel a chill - an electronic breeze - "effluvium". This will indicate the health of the air ionizer. But for greater persuasiveness, it is advisable to check its output voltage with a static voltmeter - it must be at least 25 kV (for household Chizhevsky Chandeliers, a voltage of 30 ... 35 kV is recommended). If there is no necessary measuring device, you can use the simplest way to determine the high voltage. In a U-shaped plate made of organic glass, holes are drilled in the centers of the limbs, an M4 thread is cut and screws with pointed ends are screwed in with heads outward. By connecting one screw to the output terminal of the air ionizer, and the other to the common wire, change the distance between the screws (of course, with the device turned off from the network) so that an intense glow or a breakdown spark starts between their ends. The distance in millimeters between the ends of the screws can be considered as the high voltage value of the air ionizer in kilovolts. When the air ionizer is in operation, there should be no odors. Professor A. L. Chizhevsky specifically stipulated this. Smells are a sign of harmful gases (ozone or nitrogen oxides), which should not form in a normally working (correctly designed) "chandelier". When they appear again, you need to inspect the installation of the structure and the connection of the converter to the "chandelier". About safety precautions. The air ionizer is a high-voltage installation, therefore, when setting up and operating it, precautions must be observed. High voltage in itself is not dangerous. The current strength is decisive. As you know, a life-threatening current over 0,03 A (30 mA), especially if it flows through the region of the heart (left hand - right hand). In our air ionizer, the maximum current strength is hundreds of times less than the permissible one. But this does not mean at all that touching the high-voltage parts of the installation is safe - you will get a tangible and unpleasant prick from the discharge spark of the multiplier capacitors. Therefore, with any re-soldering of parts or wires in the structure, turn it off from the network and close the high-voltage wire of the multiplier to the grounded (connected to a common wire) terminal of the winding II (lower according to the diagram). About air ionization sessions During the session, you should be no closer than 1 ... 1,5 m from the "chandelier". Sufficient duration of a daily session in a normal room is 30 ... 50 minutes. Sessions before bedtime have a particularly beneficial effect. Remember that the air ionizer does not exclude the ventilation of the room - full-fledged (i.e., normal percentage composition) air should be air ionized. In a room with poor ventilation, the air ionizer must be turned on periodically throughout the day at certain intervals. The electric field of the air ionizer cleans the air from dust. Of course, the proposed design of the voltage converter is not the only one intended for repetition in amateur or industrial conditions. There are many other devices, the choice of each of them is determined depending on the availability of parts. Any design providing a DC output voltage of at least 25 kV will do. This should be remembered by all designers who are trying to create and implement air ionizers with low-voltage (up to 5 kV!) Power. There was no benefit from such devices and cannot be [1]. They create a rather high concentration of air ions (measuring devices fix this), but air ions are "stillborn", unable to reach the lungs of a person. True, the air in the room is cleaned of dust, but this is not enough for the life support of the human body. There is no need to change the design of the "chandelier" either - deviations from the design proposed by Professor A. L. Chizhevsky can lead to the appearance of foreign odors, the production of various oxides, which will ultimately reduce the effectiveness of the air ionizer. And it is no longer possible to call the different design "Chizhevsky's Chandelier", since the scientist did not develop or recommend such devices. And the profanation of a great invention is unacceptable. Literature
Author: B. Ivanov, Moscow; Publication: N. Bolshakov, rf.atnn.ru
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