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Lie detector for eggs

11.06.2005

British and Australian scientists have figured out how to distinguish between eggs laid in a poultry farm and in a village barn.

"A hen always lays a wet egg. And when it comes into contact with the floor, whether it's the mesh bottom of the cage or the straw of the nest, specific traces of dust remain on the shell. These can be seen by irradiating the shell with ultraviolet rays," says Professor Neville Gregory from the Royal Veterinary College London .

Scientists have done a lot of work: they studied more than eleven thousand eggs that laying hens laid in three different places - in cages, in village barns and right in the field. As it turned out, the cell leaves very clear marks on the eggshell - two white lines at a distance of 2-2,5 cm.

The calculation shows: if in a batch of 90 eggs there are at least five pieces with such white stripes, then with a probability of 0,999 regrading takes place. Perhaps the supplier is trying to slip dietary eggs from the poultry farm instead of peasant or farm eggs. Dust marks naturally disappear when washed, so such control should be carried out on unwashed eggs.

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Fullerene balls in the energy sector 08.02.2015

In 1985, chemists first synthesized a soccer ball. It consisted of 60 carbon atoms connected in a three-dimensional geometric figure formed by regular five- and hexagons. This molecule was called fullerene, and for thirty years it has been closely studied in laboratories.

Chemists have learned to do the most virtuoso tricks with a carbon ball - fix various molecules on its surface, put metal atoms inside it, and even showed that solar batteries can be made based on fullerene. In every scientific article devoted to fullerene, scientists stated that it can be used in a wide variety of areas, but the matter never came to a real application. Fullerene remained an amusing toy in the hands of researchers. However, now there is a real chance for the molecular ball to be useful to humanity.

Swedish researchers from Chalmers University of Technology have shown that fullerene can increase the resistance of insulation used to make high-voltage cables. Until the era of wireless electricity has come, the most reliable way to transfer energy over distances is a regular cable. Kilometers of power lines stretch from various power plants to consumers. Most household appliances are powered by 220 volts. Industrial equipment often uses 380 volts. And although both voltages are dangerous and can even be deadly, they belong to the low-voltage class.

The fact is that high voltages - hundreds of thousands of volts - are required to transmit energy over long distances. For example, to transmit electricity from Siberian power plants to industrial enterprises in the Urals, in the 80s of the last century, an ultra-high voltage power line was built - up to 1,1 million volts. High voltage has to be used to reduce losses during the transmission of electricity through wires: the higher the voltage, the less energy is lost along the way from the power plant to the consumer.

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So what's the deal with carbon soccer balls? It turned out that if fullerene molecules are added to polyethylene, then its insulating qualities increase. Fullerene-modified cable withstands higher voltage than conventional cable - 26% higher. And this means that 26% more energy can be transmitted through it. To achieve this effect, Swedish chemists have created an insulating material in which there is one gram of fullerene per kilogram of polyethylene.

Fullerene has very peculiar electronic properties. It can trap high-energy electrons that destroy the insulating properties of polyethylene. Fullerene accepts such electrons, saving the polymer from possible breakdown. Although this discovery is not one of those that make a revolution in the energy sector, but in industry, increasing efficiency by every percent saves tons of materials and megawatts of power.

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