History of psychology. Materialist teaching of Russian revolutionary democrats (most important)

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History of psychology. Materialist teaching of Russian revolutionary democrats (most important)

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31. MATERIALISTIC TEACHING OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRATS

From the middle of the XIX century. for Russian scientific and social thought, a materialistic awareness of the nature of mental phenomena was typical. Under the influence of the works of Charles Darwin on the genesis of plant and animal organisms, as well as man, a biological aspiration of ideas about the nature of human consciousness was organized.

The representatives of materialistic views at that time were revolutionary democrats: V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, D. I. Pisarev and others. society. This was the basis for determining in the natural sciences the true justification for their central task - the overthrow of the exploitative regime of tsarist Russia and its replacement by a democratic state.

V. G. Belinsky (1811-1848). Critic, publicist and materialist philosopher. He analyzed the psyche only as a consequence of the functioning of the brain. Being a metaphysician, he believed that the world is in a state of constant natural evolutionary development. He developed the basic principles of revolutionary democratic aesthetics and pedagogy. He determined the importance of education and the role of art in the ontogenetic formation of the personality of each person.

A. and Herzen (1812-1870). He was distant from the adherents of the biological nature of the psyche, noting the social nature of human consciousness. Being also a materialist philosopher, he was a representative of dialectical materialism, but he explained it from a liberal position to social manifestations of human relations.

N. G. Chernyshevsky (1828-1889). Representative of Russian Social Democracy. Developed the problems of philosophy, sociology, ethics, aesthetics, pedagogy, etc. Antagonist of philosophical idealism (I. Kant, D. Hume, G. Hegel, and others). The initial provisions of the scientific ideology believed the physical integrity of the world, its infinite cognizability.

The materialism of N. G. Chernyshevsky contained elements of anthropologism, borrowed from the anthropological approach of L. Feuerbach - a philosophical thesis that explains social life with the needs and properties of the individual as a biological creature. This position is based on the analysis of a person in isolation from social activities, which testified to the idealism of the relationship of social phenomena. A materialist in understanding the nature and theory of knowledge, N. G. Chernyshevsky was an idealist in understanding the history of the social formation of society. He gave scientific justification to the positions of aerialistic aesthetics, defended the principles of critical realism, emphasized the importance of education and training for the process of developing the ideology and worldview of the individual.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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