Bank audit. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
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Bank audit. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents

1. Auditing Standards

At the level of state regulation of audit, in order to improve the quality of its conduct and introduce best practices into practice, standardization of audit activities will be carried out, audit standards will be developed and approved, as well as provisions that all audit firms will have to follow.

Auditing standards can be presented in 4 interrelated parts:

1) Basic postulates - compliance with standards, their availability and consistency, impartiality of judgments, management responsibility, internal controls, access to information, control of activities, improvement of verification techniques, etc.

2) General rules - a set of professional requirements for the qualifications of the auditor, the independence of his point of view and due attention to all matters relating to the performance of work.

3) Operating rules - standard auditing. They disclose provisions on the need to conduct an audit, study and evaluate accounting and internal control systems, obtain evidence of audit quality control, etc.

4) Rules for the preparation of reports - provide requirements for both the form of the auditor's reporting and its content.

In order to ensure the unity of interpretation of the auditing standards, a list of terms and definitions on this issue is also used. Based on the approved auditing standards, audit firms should develop internal audit standards that are of an auxiliary nature and are designed to provide a unified approach to auditing in a given firm (Shevchuk D.A. Fundamentals of banking audit: Lecture notes. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2007).

2. Audit of banks: essence, necessity, significance

The profession of an auditor has been known since ancient times. Back in 200 BC. e. quaestors (officials in charge of financial and judicial affairs in the Roman Empire) exercised control over state accountants in the field. The reports of the quaestors were sent to Rome and heard by the examiners. This practice became the basis of the term "auditor". The United Kingdom is considered to be the legislative birthplace of auditing, where laws were first adopted that introduced the obligatory nature of an audit and established requirements for the quality of its conduct.

In Russia, the title of auditor was introduced by Peter I. Auditors in Russia were called sworn accountants. They combined the separate duties of the prosecutor, clerk and secretary.

In modern foreign and domestic practice, audit is interpreted in a variety of ways:

1) The American Accounting Association defines an audit as a systematic process of obtaining and evaluating objective data on economic activities and events, establishing the level of their compliance with certain criteria and presenting the results to interested users;

2) European specialists interpret the audit as a process of reducing information risk to a certain level, i.e. the likelihood that the company's financial statements contain false or inaccurate information for users of the reports;

3) According to Russian auditing standards, an audit is an entrepreneurial activity of an auditor to carry out independent audits of financial statements, payment and settlement documents, tax returns and other financial obligations and requirements of economic entities.

Directions of audit activity:

1) Bank audit;

2) Audit of insurance organizations and mutual insurance companies;

3) Audit of exchanges;

4) Audit of off-budget funds;

5) Audit of investment companies;

6) General audit.

For each direction, a separate certification and licensing for the right to audit is carried out.

3. Goals and objectives of banking audit

The main objectives of the banking audit:

1) Establishing the reliability of the accounting and financial statements of a credit institution and the compliance of its operations with the current legislation of the Russian Federation and the regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

2) Ensuring the stability of the banking system;

3) Protecting the interests of depositors and creditors.

Tasks of bank audit:

1) Analysis of financial and economic activities, assessment of assets and liabilities;

2) Forecasting the results of financial and economic activities and developing recommendations to improve financial stability and liquidity;

3) Statement, restoration and accounting;

4) Consultation on financial, tax, banking and other legislation of the Russian Federation;

5) Employee training;

6) Confirmation of the data of the prospectus for the issue of securities;

7) Provision of other services in the field of activity of an audit firm (Shevchuk D. A. Fundamentals of banking audit: Lecture notes. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2007).

4. Classification of types of banking control

Banking audit is divided into two main types:

1) External - this is an audit on a contractual basis by third-party independent auditors. The bank independently chooses an audit firm for verification (External departmental audit is an audit of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. External audit is carried out by tax authorities, law enforcement agencies, the treasury.);

2) Internal - in accordance with the requirements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, each credit institution must organize internal control, i.e., the creation of special internal structures or a position of an authorized specialist performing the functions of supervision and control. Activities for the implementation of internal audit are not regulated by law, but are determined by the head of the bank.

According to the method of conducting the audit is divided into:

1) Mandatory - carried out in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation: annually, as well as on behalf of state bodies (Article 40 of the Law "On Banks and Banking Activity");

2) Initiative - i.e. verification by decision of the credit institution itself, its nature and extent are determined by the client himself).

According to the frequency of the audit is divided into:

1) Initial - carried out by an audit firm for the first time for a given client (bank), which significantly increases the risk and complexity of the audit;

2) Agreed (repeated) - carried out repeatedly or regularly, based on knowledge of the specifics of the client, its positive and negative sides, the qualifications of the management, which, other things being equal, reduces the risk of an audit.

From the point of view of development, the audit is divided into:

1) Confirming - verification and confirmation of the reliability of the financial statements of a credit institution;

2) System-oriented - gives the ability to monitor systems, controls a specific client. Here, the audit is based on an analysis of the internal control system of the credit institution. With an effective system of internal control, the probability of errors in the activities of the client is negligible and therefore there is no need for auditors to conduct a detailed audit of this client;

3) Risk-based audit - means conducting an audit selectively with a concentration of audit work on the main areas of the client's activities, that is, in areas with the highest audit risk.

5. Features of the accounting policy of a credit institution

All aspects of the construction and functioning of the accounting system in their informational and methodological relationship are presented in the accounting policy. Each credit institution develops and approves mandatory accounting policy.

Accounting policy is a set of ways to organize accounting - primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping and final generalization of the facts of banking activities. The accounting policy contributes to the creation of a mechanism for the implementation of accounting methods in accordance with the structure and specifics of the bank's activities.

When auditing the correctness of accounting policies, the following issues are considered:

1) Compliance of the accounting policy with the chart of accounts of accounting in credit institutions of the Russian Federation and the accounting rules set out in the instructions of the Central Bank of Russia;

2) The presence and quality of the content of the internal order on accounting policies;

3) Ensuring the implementation of the fundamental provisions of accounting;

4) The feasibility and legitimacy of applying the accounting methods fixed in the accounting policy;

5) The sequence of applying the accounting policy by the bank;

6) Compliance of the accounting policy with the conditions of economic activity and the performance of banking operations.

The internal order on accounting policy should define:

1) Working chart of accounts;

2) Forms of primary documents used for registration of business transactions;

3) Forms of documents for internal financial statements;

4) Procedure for settlements with branches or structural subdivisions;

5) The procedure for conducting individual accounting transactions that do not contradict the legislation and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

6) The procedure for conducting an inventory and methods for assessing types of property, claims and obligations;

7) Document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;

8) The order and frequency of printing documents of analytical and synthetic accounting;

9) The order of control of business transactions and other issues.

Significant changes in accounting policies are possible in the event of:

1) Changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

2) In the case of the development of new methods of accounting;

3) Significant changes in the conditions of the credit institution's activities.

The application of the bank's accounting policy is disclosed in the explanatory note to the annual financial statements. Based on the results of reviewing the documents that set out the bank's accounting policy and analyzing its application in daily activities, the auditors draw a conclusion about the quality and completeness of the content of these documents, the effectiveness and adequacy of their use by the bank's employees and give their recommendations for improving the bank's work. These findings are reflected in the auditor's report.

6. Organization of external banking audit. Audit technology of a credit organization

Bank audit is one of the types of audit activities that can be carried out by an individual (auditor) with attestation and license, as well as by a legal entity (audit firm) with a license.

To carry out attestation and issue a license for the right to carry out banking audit, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation created a central attestation audit commission (tsalak) of the Bank of Russia. Its composition is approved by the chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The functions of the working apparatus of the tsalak are assigned to the Department of Licensing and Certification of Banking Audit of the Department for Licensing Banks and Auditing Activities of the Bank of Russia.

All individuals wishing to engage in banking audit independently or as part of an audit firm must undergo attestation (pass a qualification exam).

Persons who simultaneously meet 2 criteria are allowed to attestation:

1) Having a higher or secondary specialized economic or legal education;

2) Having more than 3 years of work experience on a permanent basis (of which the last few years - as an auditor, head of an audit firm, researcher or teacher in economics, accountant, economist, auditor and other specialties in banking in the banking sector) .

For certification, a fee of 20 minimum wages is charged on the date of submission of all necessary documents to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The certificate is issued for up to 3 years, depending on the result of the exam. If within 2 years from the date of receipt of the certificate, the person who passed the certification did not start working as a bank auditor or in the internal control service of a credit institution, then the tsalak makes a decision to cancel the certificate. After the expiration of the certificate, the auditor has the right to apply to the tsalak for its extension.

CALAC has the right to appoint a re-passing of qualifying examinations in the following cases:

1) Existence of justified claims against the auditor from the territorial offices of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, tax authorities, customers, as well as other auditors and audit firms;

2) The presence of significant changes in the legislation.

CALAC can extend the certificate up to 3 years, for which a fee of 50% of the original certification fee is charged.

Individuals who have passed attestation can engage in auditing activities as part of an audit firm, or independently, by registering as an individual private entrepreneur (pbul).

An audit firm may conduct an audit of credit institutions only after obtaining a license from the Bank of Russia.

Consideration of the issue of issuing a license to an audit firm is subject to the following conditions:

1) The firm must have a legal form in the form of a CJSC with an authorized capital of at least 100 minimum wages on the date of registration;

2) The staff of the firm must have at least 2 auditors or part-time teachers certified by the tsalak.

For consideration of an application for licensing, a fee of 3 minimum wages is charged, for issuing a license - 10 minimum wages. A firm that has received a license to carry out auditing activities is entered in the state register of audit firms and auditors that have received licenses, which is maintained by the Bank Licensing and Auditing Department of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

7. Peculiarities of attestation and licensing for the right to carry out banking audit in Russia

To carry out attestation and issue a license for the right to carry out banking audit, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation created the Central Attestation Audit Commission (CALAC) of the Bank of Russia. Its composition is approved by the chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The functions of the working apparatus of the tsalak are assigned to the Department of Licensing and Certification of Banking Audit of the Department for Licensing Banks and Auditing Activities of the Bank of Russia.

All individuals wishing to engage in banking audit independently or as part of an audit firm must undergo attestation (pass a qualification exam).

Persons who simultaneously meet 2 criteria are allowed to attestation:

1) Having a higher or secondary specialized economic or legal education;

CALAC has the right to appoint a re-passing of qualifying examinations in the following cases:

1) The presence of reasonable claims against the auditor from the territorial offices of the Central Bank of Russia, tax authorities, customers, as well as other auditors and audit firms;

2) The presence of significant changes in the legislation.

CALAC can extend the certificate up to 3 years, for which a fee of 50% of the original certification fee is charged.

Individuals who have passed attestation can engage in auditing activities as part of an audit firm, or independently, by registering as an individual private entrepreneur (pbul).

An audit firm may conduct an audit of credit institutions only after obtaining a license from the Bank of Russia.

Consideration of the issue of issuing a license to an audit firm is subject to the following conditions:

1) The firm must have a legal form in the form of a CJSC with an authorized capital of at least 100 minimum wages on the date of registration;

2) The staff of the firm must have at least 2 auditors or part-time teachers certified by the tsalak.

8. Tasks and methods of banking supervision

The task of banking supervision and control is to ensure that a credit institution complies with federal laws and regulations of the Bank of Russia in order to ensure the stability of the banking sector and protect the interests of depositors and creditors.

There are 3 types of banking control:

1) Preliminary - carried out by the banking supervisory authority before the actual operation:

a) before the start of operation of a credit institution, i.e. during the process of state registration and licensing of a credit institution;

b) in the course of financing a credit institution, when approval or obtaining the right to carry out certain transactions is required.

2) Current - necessary for the current assessment of the activities of the credit institution (in the process of current control, the supervisory authorities check the compliance of the credit institution with mandatory economic standards, analyze the dynamics and trends of the bank's development and the presence of problem situations at an early stage of their occurrence).

3) Final - aims to prevent errors in the future (this type does not allow responding to problems at the time of their occurrence, but provides information to the supervisory unit about what shortcomings are typical for a credit institution and what violations can be committed by it when performing certain operations ).

The main methods of banking supervision:

I) Prudential (desk) supervision is current control on a regular basis, the implementation mechanism of which is the provision by a credit institution of various types of regulated reporting to the Bank of Russia.

Key features of prudential supervision:

1) Remote;

2) Documentary basis.

The main directions of prudential banking supervision:

1) Conducting an analysis of the activities of a credit institution and identifying problem banks;

2) Establishment and verification of compliance with economic norms;

3) Analysis of documents provided by a credit institution for registration and obtaining a license;

4) Control over the quality of the management team of the credit institution;

5) Application of measures of influence to the credit organization.

II) On-site inspection - is a set of interrelated, targeted activities, the implementation of authorized units of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation directly to the credit institution to determine the compliance of the operations performed with the current legislation and regulatory legal acts of the Central Bank of Russia, as well as to verify the reliability of the reporting provided and assess the real financial condition of the credit institution organizations.

9. Goals and objectives of internal control in credit institutions

The internal control system is created by the bank for the following purposes:

1) Ensuring that all employees of the bank, in the performance of their official duties, comply with the requirements of federal legislation and regulations, including resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, other regulatory requirements, as well as performance standards and professional ethics, internal documents that determine the policy and regulate the activities of the bank .

2) Ensuring control over the timely identification, assessment and adoption of measures to minimize the risks of banking activities.

3) Resolution of conflicts of interest arising in the course of the bank's activities.

Based on the above goals, the main tasks of internal control are to ensure:

1) Fulfillment by the bank of the requirements of federal legislation and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

2) Definition in documents and compliance with established procedures and powers when making any decisions affecting the interests of the bank, its owners and customers. 3) Making timely and effective decisions aimed at eliminating the identified shortcomings and violations in the bank's activities.

4) Fulfillment of requirements for effective risk management of banking activities.

5) Preservation of bank assets (property).

6) Adequate reflection of bank operations in accounting.

7) The proper state of reporting, allowing to obtain adequate information about the activities of the bank and the risks associated with it.

8) Effective functioning of the internal audit of the bank.

9) Effective interaction with external auditors, state regulatory and supervisory authorities on issues of prudential activities, reliability of accounting and reporting, organization of internal control, prevention and elimination of violations by bank employees of legislation, regulations and standards of professional activity.

10. Organization of the internal control system in the bank

The Bank organizes internal control taking into account recommendations on the organization of internal control over the risks of banking activities. The internal control system is organized by the bank's management bodies authorized by the bank's founding documents. In order to monitor the process of functioning of the internal control system, identify and analyze problems associated with its functioning, as well as develop proposals for improving the system and increasing the efficiency of its functioning, an internal control service is being created in banks.

The Internal Control Service operates on the basis of the Bank's Charter and the Regulation on the Internal Control Service approved by the Board of Directors of the bank, which must meet the requirements of the Regulation on the Internal Control Service. The number of the internal control service is determined by the head of the bank; it should be sufficient to effectively achieve the goals and solve the problems of internal control. Head of Internal Control Service. The head of the internal control service is appointed and dismissed by the bank's management body authorized by the bank's constituent documents. The procedure for appointing and dismissing the head of the internal control service should ensure that he and the internal control service perform the functions specified by this Regulation and internal documents of the bank from the executive body of the bank.

In banks, the amount of own funds (capital) of which as of January 5 of the reporting year is an amount equivalent to less than 5 million euros, other divisions of the bank may be functionally subordinated to the head of the internal control service. Compliance with the requirements of internal control by these subdivisions is checked by the internal control service of the bank. In banks, the amount of own funds (capital) of which as of January XNUMX of the reporting year is an amount equivalent to XNUMX million euros or more, other divisions of the bank cannot be simultaneously subordinate to the head of the internal control service.

Regardless of the size of the bank’s own funds (capital), the head of the internal control service cannot sign payment (settlement) and accounting documents on behalf of the bank, as well as other documents in accordance with which the bank assumes risks, as well as endorse such documents (except for issues relating to the direct competence of the internal control service, in accordance with the requirements of the regulation on the internal control service and internal documents of the bank). In the event that the internal control service is functionally subordinate to one of the heads of the bank, the specified head is considered as the head of the internal control service.

The internal control service is accountable in its activities to the bank's management bodies in accordance with the bank's constituent documents and the bank's regulation on the internal control service. The procedure for submitting and reviewing the report of the internal control service is determined by the bank's regulation on the internal control service.

11. The main areas of regulation and supervision of the activities of credit institutions in the Russian Federation. TSB RF

In accordance with the law "On the Central Bank", the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is the body of supervision and regulation of the activities of credit institutions in the Russian Federation. The control of the Bank of Russia is permanent.

The following services are created and function in the structure of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which perform control functions:

1) Departments or departments of banking supervision and regulation;

2) Departments for the inspection of credit institutions.

These structures have the following powers:

1) Request all information from the credit institution, except for the approved reporting forms;

2) Carry out inspections in a credit institution;

3) If necessary, require the credit institution to resolve certain issues relating to deviations from regulatory enactments;

4) Decide on the withdrawal of licenses.

When exercising banking supervision and control, the control bodies do not have the right to interfere in the operational activities of a credit institution.

12. Registration and licensing of credit institutions

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities", credit institutions are subject to state registration with the Bank of Russia, which, in the process of exercising these functions, is authorized to maintain the Register of Credit Institutions of the Russian Federation. For the registration of credit organizations, a fee is collected, which goes to the federal budget. The amount of the fee is determined by the Bank of Russia, but it cannot be more than 1% of the declared authorized capital of the credit institution.

The registration of a credit institution is understood as a corresponding entry made by an authorized state body (the Bank of Russia), including a specific legal entity, in the list of specialized organizations entitled to carry out banking operations, giving legality to such activities and allowing to keep records, exercise constant banking supervision and control over activities of credit institutions.

Copies of certificates of state registration of founders - legal entities must be notarized, audit reports on the reliability of the financial statements of founders - legal entities with balance sheets and profit and loss statements must be submitted for the last 3 years of activity.

Having considered the materials received, the Bank of Russia decides whether to register a credit institution or refuse to register. After that, the issue of issuing an appropriate license to the credit institution is considered.

Credit institutions may be granted the following types of licenses:

1) A license to carry out banking operations with funds in rubles (without the right to attract funds from individuals to deposits);

2) A license to carry out banking operations with funds in rubles and foreign currency (without the right to attract funds from individuals to deposits);

3) License to attract deposits of funds of individuals in rubles;

4) License to attract deposits of funds of individuals in rubles and foreign currency;

5) General license (a license that can be issued to a bank that has licenses to carry out all banking operations with funds in rubles and foreign currency and meets the requirements for the amount of its own funds established by the regulations of the Bank of Russia);

6) License to attract deposits and placement of precious metals;

7) License for banking operations with funds in rubles and foreign currency for settlement non-banking credit organizations;

8) License to carry out the collection of cash, bills, payment and settlement documents for non-bank credit organizations - organizations of collection.

The Bank of Russia has the right to refuse to register and issue a license to a credit institution on the grounds specified in Art. 16 of the Federal Law "On banks and banking activities" (Shevchuk D. A. Banking operations. Principles. Control. Profitability. Risks. - M .: GrossMedia: ROSBUH, 2007).

13. Verification of compliance by credit institutions with economic standards

In order to ensure the stability of the banking system, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation develops mandatory standards for commercial banks that allow assessing the state of capital, sources of resources and their ratio with assets. The list of standards and the procedure for their calculation are established by Instruction No. 1 of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation "On the Procedure for Regulating the Activities of Credit Institutions".

According to it, the following mandatory economic standards for the activities of banks are established:

1) The minimum amount of authorized capital for newly created banks;

2) The minimum amount of own funds (capital) for operating banks;

3) Capital adequacy ratio;

4) Bank liquidity ratios;

5) The maximum amount of risk per borrower or group of related borrowers;

6) The maximum size of large credit risks;

7) The maximum amount of risk per one creditor (depositor);

8) The maximum amount of risk per shareholder (participant);

9) The maximum amount of loans, guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its insiders;

10) The maximum amount of attracted cash deposits (deposits) of citizens;

11) The maximum amount of the bank's liabilities to non-resident banks and financial institutions - non-residents;

12) Risk ratio of the bank's own promissory notes;

13) The standard for the use of banks' own funds for the acquisition of shares (shares) of other legal entities.

Compliance with the recommended mandatory standards is of great practical importance. Compliance with economic standards is checked by employees of the supervision department on the basis of a monthly turnover sheet, certificates with the calculation of actual economic standards and a breakdown of individual balance sheets, which are monthly provided by a credit institution to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. All submitted documents must be signed by the head and chief accountant of the credit institution, who are responsible for the accuracy of the information provided. In the supervisory authorities, within 10 days, the submitted documents are considered for their reliability, and then appropriate decisions are made. In case of violation of the standards, the credit institution is subject to enforcement measures provided for by the instruction of the Central Bank of Russia No. 59 dated March 31, 03 "On the application of enforcement measures to a credit institution for violation of prudential norms of activity."

In accordance with Instruction No. 59, two types of measures are applied to credit institutions and branches: preventive and compulsory. Preventive measures - are used in the case when the shortcomings in the work of the bank do not threaten the interests of depositors and creditors.

These include:

1) Bringing to the credit institution information about shortcomings in work;

2) Statement of recommendations to eliminate the identified deficiencies;

3) Proposal of the credit institution to develop measures to eliminate the identified deficiencies;

4) Establishment of additional control.

Compulsory measures are used when shortcomings in work threaten the interests of depositors and creditors, when the application of preventive measures did not lead to an improvement in the activities of a credit institution.

Coercive measures include:

1) Fines;

2) Claims for the financial rehabilitation of a credit institution;

3) Restriction on certain types of operations for up to 6 months;

4) Ban on certain types of operations for up to 1 year;

5) Requirement to replace the head of the credit institution;

6) Introduction of a provisional administration;

7) License revocation.

14. Inspection of the activities of credit institutions

In accordance with the instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 34 of February 19, 02 "On the procedure for conducting inspections of credit organizations and their branches of an authorized representative of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation," inspections of credit organizations are carried out on the basis of instructions from the head of the Territorial Directorate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

The test data is divided into:

1) Functional - a set of measures carried out by divisions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation that are not inspection divisions in order to study the performance of a particular process (type of operations) and its compliance with certain regulatory documents (determining the financial condition of a credit institution is not included in the tasks of a functional inspection);

2) Inspection - is carried out by special inspection units and includes, as a rule, a comprehensive audit of the activities of a credit institution in all areas with a determination of the financial condition of the bank.

Classification of inspection checks:

1) By completeness of coverage:

a) comprehensive - carried out in all areas of the credit organization’s activities by banking inspection units at least once every 1 years;

b) thematic - cover a limited range of banking operations, while certain issues may arise in determining the financial condition of the bank; c) targeted - carried out on specific issues or bank operations, as well as on requests and instructions from law enforcement agencies.

2) In relation to the inspection plan:

a) planned - carried out in accordance with the consolidated plan of inspections of credit institutions approved by the management of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

b) unscheduled - carried out on the basis of orders in connection with the deterioration of the bank’s financial position, and also carried out on the basis of requests from law enforcement agencies, according to statements from the Bank of Russia.

3) According to the depth of the questions being checked:

a) local - verification of documents as part of one banking or business transaction without tracking the entire process from start to finish, or verification of one structural unit;

b) end-to-end - tracking the operation from the beginning to the moment of completion, regardless of which structural units are involved (not only the activities of the parent organization, but also the branches are checked).

4) According to the degree of coverage of the data being verified:

a) continuous - cover all operations and data for a certain period in a specific area of activity of the credit institution;

b) selective - only part of the documents selected at random and relating to different periods of the credit institution’s activity are checked; c) combined - simultaneous use of selective and continuous inspection methods.

The verification period most often covers 1-2 years, while, for example, the reporting of a quarter or month is subjected to a continuous verification, and the rest is selective.

5) Based on the repetition of checking the same questions:

a) primary - an inspection of a specific type of operation or activity of a credit institution for a certain period of time, carried out for the first time;

b) additional - verification of already verified banking transactions to obtain additional data; c) repeated - appointed if during the previous inspection the questions raised were not fully disclosed, or at the request of the investigative authorities.

6) As expected for a credit institution:

a) expected - inspections about which the credit institution is notified in advance by an information letter from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

b) sudden - inspections about which the credit institution is not warned in advance.

The audit materials are drawn up in the form of an act, which is drawn up in three copies:

1) Given to a credit institution;

2) Remains in the inspection department;

3) Is sent to the supervision department.

The act must not be disclosed to third parties.

The form of the act is arbitrary, however, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation recommends including sections in it:

1) Title page;

2) content check;

3) Composition of the working group;

4) Bank form;

5) Sections for each type of operation with an inspection report;

6) The final conclusion, which evaluates the entire activity of the bank.

15. Verification of constituent documents of a credit institution

As a source of information to identify violations when checking the constituent documents and internal regulations of credit institutions, the following are used:

1) Constituent documents;

2) Internal regulations governing the activities of credit institutions;

3) Minutes of meetings of shareholders, meetings of the Board of Directors, the control and audit commission, the Board of the bank, the credit committee and other collegiate bodies;

4) Work plans of the credit organization;

5) Orders and orders of the head of the credit institution;

6) Acts of inspections;

7) Accounting policy;

8) Accounting and reporting data of the credit institution.

Verification of constituent documents includes the following steps:

1) Identification of the availability of the following documents:

a) in the parent organization: licenses, charter, constituent agreement, additional agreements, changes to the charter and composition of founders, new charter and licenses when changing the legal form of the bank;

b) in the branch: the presence of regulations on the branch, established in accordance with the requirements of the charter, the presence of a power of attorney to carry out operations and legal actions by the manager of the branch (a power of attorney is issued to the deputy manager for substitution).

2) Minutes of the Meetings of Bank Members, Meetings of the Board of Directors, the Board of the Bank, orders and other internal documents are examined.

3) Compliance of operations conducted by the bank with the license obtained by it (based on accounting data - balance sheet or turnover sheet).

4) The compliance of the bank’s operations and legal actions with the requirements of the Charter is checked, including:

a) powers and actions of the manager and supervisory bodies (Board of Directors, Meeting of Shareholders, Control and Audit Commission);

b) powers and actions of the bank’s board and other executive bodies; c) application in practice of the approved incentive system; d) distribution and use of profits; e) change in the authorized capital, composition of founders, their shares, issue of shares, etc.

Possible violations identified during the audit:

1) Exceeding the powers of the board of the bank;

2) Sole adoption by the chairman of the board of the bank of decisions related to the competence of collegial bodies;

3) Violation of the procedure for the distribution of profits and the formation of a reserve fund;

4) Formal actions of individual collegiate bodies;

5) Incorrect registration of the protocol.

16. Audit of the authorized capital of the bank

In the course of checking the correctness of the formation and change of the authorized capital of the bank, the auditor must analyze the following documents:

1) Charter of the bank;

2) Constituent documents (memorandum of association, list of shareholders, data on founders - legal entities);

3) Licenses for banking operations;

4) Minutes of general meetings, meetings of the board of the bank, the supervisory board;

5) Prospectus for the issue of shares;

6) Agreements for the purchase and sale of shares;

7) Signature lists or agreements with participants of non-joint stock banks;

8) Exchange agreements for a certain number of bank shares;

9) Registers of shareholders;

10) Statements of personal accounts of shareholders or participants of the bank;

11) Agreements with specialized registrars;

12) Internal banking regulations on the organization of an additional issue of shares, on the issue and resale of own shares;

13) Regulations on the accounting policy of the bank in terms of reflecting operations for the formation and change of the authorized capital;

14) Payment documents confirming the payment of the authorized capital by shareholders and statements on the relevant personal accounts;

15) Balance of shareholders or members of the bank, their charters, audit reports to confirm the availability of sources of own funds to pay for the bank's shares.

Auditing the formation of the authorized capital of the bank includes the following procedures:

1) Analysis of constituent documents and licenses for banking operations;

2) Analysis of the minutes of the general meeting and the board of the bank;

3) Checking the maintenance of the register of shareholders;

4) Checking the reflection in the accounting of operations for the formation of the authorized capital.

When auditing an increase or decrease in the authorized capital within one year, the auditor must obtain evidence of the legality of the decision to change the authorized capital, verify compliance with the procedure for issuing shares and confirm the correctness of accounting for these changes and making adjustments to the register of shareholders.

The only variant of reducing the authorized capital by reducing the par value of the shares is legally defined, and there is no need to carry out the procedure for issuing shares.

An increase in the authorized capital of a joint-stock commercial bank may occur:

1) By increasing the nominal value of declared shares;

2) By placing additional shares.

Additional shares may be placed only within the limits of the number established by the charter of the issuing bank.

Further, in the course of the audit, the auditor must verify that the procedure for issuing shares has been followed. If the issue was accompanied by the registration of the prospectus, then the auditor needs to check the correctness of its execution.

The prospectus must be certified by an audit firm in the following cases:

1) When issuing shares associated with an increase in the authorized capital;

2) When issuing shares, carried out when creating a bank through a merger, division, spin-off.

On the title page of the prospectus, next to the seal of the audit firm, the inscription should be placed: "The financial information contained in the prospectus corresponds to accounting data. Accounting is kept in accordance with applicable rules." The auditor must make sure that all approvals and permits necessary for the issuance of shares are available.

The acquisition by one legal or natural person or a group of persons associated with the agreement or by a group of legal entities that are subsidiaries or affiliates of more than 5% of the shares of a credit institution requires notification of the Bank of Russia, more than 20% - the prior consent of this territorial institution of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the place finding a credit institution.

The Bank is obliged to obtain prior permission to increase its authorized capital at the expense of non-residents, regardless of the volume of shares.

17. Audit of the formation and use of bank funds

In accordance with the current legislation, joint stock and unit banks are required to create a reserve fund in the amount of at least 15% of the actually paid authorized capital. The specific amount of the reserve fund is determined by the constituent documents and is fixed in the bank's charter. The procedure for its formation and spending is fixed by regulation No. 9-P of 23 (On the procedure for the formation and use of the reserve fund of credit organizations ").

In accordance with the Federal Law "On joint-stock companies" art. 35 - the funds of the reserve fund can be spent only to pay off the losses of the reporting year, to buy back own shares and redeem bonds in the absence of other sources. In accordance with the provision 9P, the audit firm is obliged to check the correctness of the formation of the reserve fund. To this end, the auditor checks that the actual size of the reserve fund meets the minimum requirements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

It is also necessary to estimate the amount of annual deductions from profits to the reserve fund (at least 5% of the net profit actually received by the bank).

During the audit, the following documents are analyzed:

1) Charter and other constituent documents;

2) Balance sheets, balance sheet, balance sheet;

3) Decision of the general meeting of shareholders on the allocation of funds from the reserve fund to cover losses;

4) Statements on balance account 10701 "Reserve Fund".

Based on the decision of the board of the bank and statements on the balance sheet account 10701, the auditor determines compliance with applicable regulations and compliance of the actual expenditure from the reserve fund with the decision of the authorized body. The auditor determines compliance with the rules for reflecting in accounting operations for the formation and use of the reserve fund.

1. Allocation of funds from the reserve fund: Dt 70501 - Kt 10701;

2. Use of the reserve fund to cover the losses of the reporting year:

Dt 10701 - Kt 70401, 70402;

3. Capitalization of the reserve fund: Dt 10701 - Kt 10201.

The list and procedure for the formation of other funds of the bank are established by its constituent documents and specified in the internal banking regulations on the procedure for the formation and use of these funds.

Banks can create the following special purpose funds:

1) Accumulation fund;

2) Consumption Fund;

3) Employee Bonus Fund;

4) Fund for financing social programs;

5) Fund for lending to bank employees.

Documents required for verification:

1) Constituent documents;

2) Internal banking regulations on the procedure for the formation and spending of special funds of the bank;

3) Decisions of the authorized funds of the bank on the directions of spending the fund;

4) Statements on personal accounts 10702, 10703, 10704;

5) Copies of agreements and contracts paid for at the expense of the bank's funds;

6) Settlement payment documents for payment for services at the expense of funds;

7) Copies of agreements on the provision of any loans to bank employees.

Based on the source documents, the auditor should find out to what extent the actual use of funds complies with current regulations.

The auditor needs to check:

1) Based on the analysis of the direction of the actual use of each fund, the legitimacy of its inclusion in the calculation of the bank's capital.

2) Availability of primary supporting documents for the operations of formation and spending of funds (minutes of meetings of the authorized bodies of the bank on the allocation of funds to funds and decisions on their spending, memorial orders, payment orders, cash orders, contracts).

3) By calculating the balances on the personal accounts of each fund, the auditor must verify the analytical accounting data on personal accounts with the synthetic accounting data on accounts 10702, 10703, 10704.

4) The bank should keep track of the amounts paid out from the special purpose funds to specific individuals. The auditor should make sure that these amounts are included in the total income of these persons.

18. Checking the correctness of the calculation of the bank's own funds

During the audit, the auditor must confirm the accuracy of the amounts included in the calculation of capital, the legitimacy of their attribution to sources of fixed and additional capital, compliance with the established capital structure.

Documents required for verification:

1) Constituent documents, charter;

2) Reports on the results of the issue of securities;

3) Bank balance data.

The auditor is based on the calculation of own funds, which are monthly compiled by the bank in the prescribed form and submitted to the TC of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. By decision of the authorized body of a commercial bank, audits of the calculation of own funds can be carried out at any frequency. The amounts of the profit of the reporting year and funds formed from the profit of the reporting year, not confirmed by the audit firm, must be included in the sources of additional capital.

The profit of the previous year and the funds formed at the expense of it, in the absence of an auditor's report after July XNUMX of the next year, are not included in the calculation of the main or additional capital. When analyzing the amounts of the increase in property on the bank's balance sheet due to revaluation, they are included in additional capital. The auditor must make sure that the revaluation does not exceed the revaluation amount calculated on the basis of the price level and differentiated indices of change in the value of fixed assets established by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation.

When analyzing the structure of equity capital, the auditor should proceed from the fact that the amount of sources of additional capital may be included in the calculation of the bank's own funds in an amount not exceeding the amount of fixed capital (Shevchuk D. A. Banking operations. - Rostov-on-don: Phoenix, 2006 ).

19. Rules for the operation of enterprises with cash in the territory of the Russian Federation

The following rules for the operation of enterprises with cash have been established:

1) All enterprises and organizations, regardless of the organizational and legal form, must keep their free cash in bank institutions on their own accounts on contractual terms.

2) Cash received at the cash desk of an enterprise is subject to mandatory delivery to bank institutions for further crediting to the accounts of these enterprises.

3) For each enterprise, a limit and term for the delivery of cash are set individually. The term for the delivery of cash is set depending on the location of the business entity relative to its distance from the bank and can be set in the following interval: daily, the next day, every few days. The cash balance limit is set by the enterprise and institutions of credit institutions annually, for which the enterprise must submit to the bank a calculation in the prescribed form, which is approved by the head of the bank. If an enterprise has several accounts in different banks, then it submits a settlement to one of the banks at its own discretion, and then the other banks are notified of the size of the limit. The limit can be reviewed during the year at the request of the enterprise in case of changes in cash balances, conditions for the delivery of proceeds, etc.

4) Cash in excess of the established limit must be deposited with the bank. In excess of the limit, it is allowed to keep money in the cashier in case of payment of wages, social payments, scholarships and other benefits for no more than three days (for enterprises in the Far North, five).

5) Cash disbursement for wages and other payments shall be made within the time limits established by the credit institution for the purpose of uniform use of cash resources and streamlining the disbursement of cash in accordance with the annual calendars of such disbursements.

6) The enterprise must coordinate with the bank the amount of spending the cash received at the cash desk for the purposes provided for by law. In this regard, enterprises and organizations establish norms for spending cash from proceeds.

20. The procedure for conducting an audit of enterprises and banks on the organization of cash circulation

In accordance with the regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 14-P, credit institutions are obliged to check the procedure for conducting cash transactions with their clients at least once every 1 years. The results of the checks are documented in certificates. The audit materials are reviewed by the heads of credit institutions. In case of revealing serious shortcomings, the materials of inspections should be sent to the tax authorities for taking measures of financial and administrative responsibility. Checks on the operation of an enterprise with cash can be carried out jointly with credit institutions, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and tax authorities.

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in terms of a comprehensive or thematic audit, without fail includes the issue of auditing the work of a credit institution with its customers in terms of conducting cash transactions.

This check includes:

1) Availability and compliance with the plan of inspections of economic entities by the credit institution.

2) The presence and correctness of the calculation to establish the limit of the balance of cash on hand.

3) Availability of certificates of inspections and the procedure for their execution.

4) An assessment of the completeness and degree of coverage of cash transactions by checks.

5) The procedure for reviewing the results of inspections and the nature of the measures taken.

21. Cash collection

In order to speed up the circulation of cash and timely transfer of funds to the account of enterprises and organizations, banks carry out collection of cash proceeds.

In each organization with which a collection agreement is concluded, depending on the amount of revenue, an even number of collection bags with serial numbers on them is issued. The proceeds received at the cash desk of the enterprise are handed over to collectors in closed bags. For the amount of money in the bag, an accompanying statement is drawn up in 3 copies:

The 1st is put into the bag and is the basis for the receipt of money;

2nd - waybill - issued to the collector when transferring the bag to him;

3rd - a receipt with a receipt from the cashier at the reception of the bag - is transferred to the organization being collected.

Upon receipt of a bag with proceeds, the collector presents an identity card, a power of attorney, a security card for collecting proceeds from this organization and at the same time returns empty bags (Shevchuk D. A. Accounting in banks. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2006).

The collected proceeds, invoice and security cards are handed over to the senior brigade of collectors to the cashier of the evening cash desk of the bank, who registers the numbers of bags and the amount of proceeds from invoices. All of the above is stored in a safe until the next morning, when bags of cash and documents are transferred to the cash desk.

Prior to the start of the recount, the received values are credited: Dt 20209 - Kt 40906. In the process of recalculation, surpluses can be identified: Dt 20209 - Kt 40906 or shortcomings: Dt 40906 - Kt 20209. For the actual number of funds received at the cash desk, a posting is made: Dt 20202 - Kt 20209. The proceeds are credited to the accounts of the organizations being collected: Dt 40906 - Kt 401-408.

22. Audit of cash operations of the bank

The purpose of conducting checks of cash transactions of the bank:

1) Assessment of compliance of cash transactions carried out by the credit institution with federal legislation and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

2) Assessment of compliance by the credit institution with the requirements provided for in Instruction No. 56 on ensuring the safety of cash and valuables. 3) Confirmation of the reliability of the reflection of cash transactions in accounting.

4) Identification of shortcomings in the conduct of cash transactions that adversely affect the financial position of the credit institution.

Documents required for verification:

1) Regulations on the cash department of the credit institution (number of the department and official composition).

2) Agreement on the liability of cash workers.

3) Orders and orders on the appointment of officials responsible for the safety of valuables.

4) Conclusion of the TU of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the technical strength of the cash point.

5) The minimum balance of funds in the bank's cash desk approved by the Territorial Administration of the Central Bank of Russia.

6) Book of accounting for cash and valuables.

7) Turnover sheet as of the date of verification.

8) Acts of audits or inventories.

9) Cash and other documents.

The procedure for checking cash transactions:

1) Organizational issues are checked, including:

a) readiness of the cash register for operation;

b) the presence of orders and instructions on the appointment of responsible persons for conducting cash work and their implementation;

c) compliance with the procedure for opening and closing storage facilities;

d) handing over the storage facility for security;

e) the presence of individual locks on cashiers’ desks; f) compliance with the minimum allowable cash balance in the bank's operating cash desk.

2) An audit of cash and valuables is carried out, including:

a) the procedure and conditions for storing valuables;

b) cash banknotes are counted by bundles and spines, coins by signature on labels and bags.

The total balance is reconciled with the cash and valuables ledger and the turnover sheet or balance sheet. A continuous sheet-by-page count of incomplete packs or bags in damaged packaging is carried out (the size of the count is determined by the head of the audit);

c) other valuables are recalculated: checks, deposit books and other strict reporting forms;

d) an audit report is drawn up.

3) Checking the credit institution’s compliance with the rules for conducting cash transactions, including:

a) the procedure for accepting cash at the bank’s reception, receipt and expenditure and evening cash desks;

b) the procedure for accepting bags with cash from collectors at the evening cash desk and organizing their counting;

c) visual observation of the work of cashiers;

d) documentary verification of the procedure for accepting and issuing cash;

e) organizing the work of the cash register outside the cash desk;

f) organization of work when using ATMs.

23. Audit of deposit operations of a credit institution

The purpose of the verification of deposit operations:

1) Assessment of the completeness and timeliness of fulfillment of obligations of credit institutions to depositors.

2) Checking compliance with civil legislation, regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and internal regulations of the credit institution.

When carrying out deposit operations the following conditions must be met:

1) Deposit operations are carried out only on the basis of a license issued by the Bank of Russia (licenses for carrying out deposit operations are issued after two years from the date of registration of the credit institution).

2) Relations between depositors and a credit institution are regulated by a bank deposit agreement. Additionally, the depositor may be issued a savings book.

3) Changes in the terms of deposits must be specified in an additional agreement.

4) Deposits of individuals and legal entities must be accounted for in separate personal accounts and differentiated depending on the terms and interest rates.

5) Debiting or crediting funds from a deposit account for a legal entity depositor must be carried out only through a current account.

Documents required for verification:

1) Bank deposit agreement.

2) Book of registration of accounts of the depositor.

3) Internal regulations for the implementation of deposit operations (separate for each type of deposit, both in the branch and in the parent organization).

4) Personal accounts of depositors (register of analytical accounting).

5) A turnover sheet or a statement of balances indicating all accounts (synthetic accounting registers, the totals of which must be equal).

6) Profit and loss report to verify the attribution of accrued interest to bank expenses.

The procedure for checking deposit transactions involves checking the following areas:

1) Checking the availability of internal regulations for the implementation of deposit operations and its compliance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the current regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

2) Checking the availability and correctness of execution of the bank deposit agreement.

3) Reconciliation of the number and concluded agreements with open personal accounts of depositors according to the registration book.

4) Reconciliation of analytical accounting data with synthetic accounting (balances in the personal accounts of depositors are compared with these balance sheets).

5) Checking the correct assignment of the second-order account number to balance sheet accounts.

6) Checking the correspondence of accounts (deposit accounts correspond with accounts and 20202, 30102, customer current accounts).

7) Checking the availability of certificates from legal entities notifying the tax inspectorate of the facts of opening deposit accounts.

8) Checking the correctness of interest calculation.

9) Availability of settlements for deposits with legal entities in cash.

10) Checking the timeliness and correctness of the reflection of paid interest in the balance sheet of the credit institution (for this, the data of personal accounts for accounting for interest is compared with the data of the turnover sheet and the profit and loss statement).

11) Checking the compliance of signatures on client’s consumable documents with the declared sample signatures.

24. Deposit operations of legal entities, document flow, possible violations

Legal entities can place their temporarily available funds in deposit accounts with a commercial bank in order to generate additional income. However, legal entities cannot transfer funds held in deposits to other persons.

The accounts of deposits of state enterprises and organizations reflect transactions only for the accounting of deposits. It is prohibited to provide legal entities with the opportunity to actually open additional current accounts: agreements for the provision of deposits must stipulate the period for the bank to use temporarily free funds of legal entities, and must not provide for the unimpeded spending of credited funds at the client’s direction. Thus, legal entities should not be able to conduct transactions regardless of the presence of claims to the current account in violation of the order of payments, use the account to accumulate funds that do not belong to them, and then spend them on various transactions.

For legal entities, banks can offer the following types of deposits:

1) open - funds invested in a bank account.

Among this type of deposits there are:

a) demand deposits, for which there are no restrictions on amounts, periods of storage of funds and their issuance must be made upon the first request of the depositor;

b) time deposit opened for a specific period;

c) quasi-term deposit without a specific storage period;

2) closed;

3) safe.

Deposits from legal entities are accepted in a non-cash manner. Enterprises and organizations submit a payment order to their bank, on the basis of which funds are credited. When opening a deposit, an agreement is concluded with the client in two copies, one of which remains in the bank, and the other with the client. To open a deposit account in a bank, the client must submit a certificate to the bank about registering the account with the Tax Inspectorate. Interest on the deposit is paid at the end of its term. They can be paid through the cash register or by bank transfer. Closing a legal entity's deposit account also occurs in a non-cash manner.

The most common violations of the procedure for conducting deposit operations are:

1) Lack of internal documents regulating the procedure for conducting deposit operations.

2) The absence in the bank deposit agreement of the required details of the deposit amount, interest rate, term of attraction, as well as the inclusion in the agreement of a condition that contradicts banking legislation and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

3) Attracting funds into deposits in the presence of restrictions or a ban on deposit operations.

4) The timing of recording funds on balance sheet accounts does not correspond to the period established in the deposit agreement.

5) Failure to transfer the balance of funds on the deposit account to the demand account at the end of the agreement (in the absence of an additional agreement or clause in the deposit agreement on automatic prolongation).

6) Absence of a deposit agreement with the depositor's personal account.

7) Untimely and incorrect calculation of interest on the deposit.

8) Formation of funds in the deposit accounts of clients of legal entities by depositing cash into the cash desk of a credit institution or paying interest and deposit amounts to legal entities in cash.

25. Deposit operations of individuals, document flow, possible violations

Raised liabilities are the main source of the bank's resource base. The main share in the amount of attracted funds belongs to deposits. The first stage of the relationship between the bank and the client on deposit operations is the conclusion of a bank deposit agreement. Under this agreement, one party (bank), which has accepted the amount received from the other party (depositor), undertakes to return the deposit amount and pay interest on it on the terms and in the manner provided for in the agreement. The agreement must be concluded in 2 copies in a mandatory and written form, indicating the passport data of the depositor. This document is transferred to the teller conducting deposit operations, after which the bank employee opens a personal account for each client. The personal account indicates the client's full name, signature sample, passport details, account number. When making a deposit, a passbook is issued, which is kept by the depositor. The entries in it and in the personal account must correspond to each other. Acceptance of cash from citizens is carried out on the basis of an incoming cash order.

Non-cash receipts in deposits of citizens are associated with the transfer by enterprises and organizations - employers of funds in the form of wages, bonuses, etc. to the savings books of their employees. The transfer is made out by a payment order, which indicates the full name of the specific recipient - an individual. Such funds are credited only to demand deposits. The depositor can order the transfer of funds to another bank by filling out an application for the transfer of funds to another bank. The issuance of funds from deposits is issued by an account cash warrant with the presentation of a passbook and a passport. Upon payment of the entire remaining deposit, the savings book and personal account are repaid.

The most common violations of the procedure for conducting deposit operations are:

1) Absence of internal documents regulating the procedure for conducting deposit operations.

2) The absence of mandatory details in the bank deposit agreement: deposit amount, interest rate, term of attraction, as well as the inclusion in the agreement of a condition that contradicts banking legislation and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

3) Attracting funds to deposits in the presence of restrictions or a ban on conducting deposit operations.

4) Discrepancy between the terms of accounting for funds on balance accounts with the terms established in the deposit agreement.

5) Non-transfer of balances on the deposit account to a demand account at the end of the agreement (in the absence of an additional agreement or clause in the deposit agreement on automatic prolongation).

6) Absence of a deposit agreement with the depositor's personal account.

7) Untimely and incorrect calculation of interest on the deposit.

8) Formation of funds on deposit accounts of clients of legal entities by depositing cash into the cash desk of a credit institution or paying interest and deposit amounts to legal entities in cash.

26. Verification of compliance with the correct opening of settlement accounts by bank customers

The following documents are required for verification:

1) Legal affairs of clients.

2) Book of registration of open accounts.

3) Cards with samples of signatures and a seal.

4) Statement of balances on the date of verification.

5) Personal accounts of clients.

The client's legal file must contain the following documents:

1) An application for opening a current account indicating the number of the assigned balance account, certified by the signature of the chief accountant of a commercial bank.

2) Constituent documents bound, numbered and sealed.

3) Certificate of registration by local authorities (if a current account is opened by an individual entrepreneur, then a notarized copy of the permission to carry out entrepreneurial activities is provided to the commercial bank).

4) Certificates of registration with the tax authorities, pension fund, statistics committee, compulsory medical insurance fund.

The main areas of verification:

1) The presence and correctness of registration of legal cases of clients is checked.

2) The presence and correctness of the execution of cards with sample signatures is checked (provided in 2 copies: the 1st copy must be notarized; the 2nd copy can be a photocopy certified by the signatures of the head and chief accountant of a commercial bank). The card indicates the frequency of issuing account statements.

3) The correctness of the assignment of the balance account number is checked.

4) The statement of balances and the book of registration of accounts are reconciled with legal cases and cards with sample signatures in terms of the balance account number and the name of the client.

5) The procedure for storing clients' legal files is checked. They must be kept in a safe at the chief accountant or in the legal department of a commercial bank.

During the inspection, the following violations may be identified:

1) The absence of separate documents in the client's legal file or the document is drawn up incorrectly.

2) Cards with sample signatures are incorrectly designed.

3) Incorrectly assigned the number of the balance account (leads to the distortion of the reporting of a commercial bank).

4) Discrepancy between the book of registration of accounts and the data of the statement of balances.

5) There are no notes on account closure in the registration book.

6) Failure to comply with the procedure for storing legal files.

27. Procedure for Conducting Operations on Correspondent Accounts of a Credit Institution

Correspondent relations between banks should be based on a bilateral agreement, both in direct correspondent relations and in the establishment of correspondent relations between banks and the RCC. When auditing, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the contract must be signed by persons having the appropriate authority and certified by the seals of 2 parties. The seals must be clear, the form of filling - any.

Audit of compliance with the procedure for opening correspondent accounts includes:

1) Verification of the availability of all required documents in the legal files of commercial banks-respondents.

2) Comparison of the number of concluded agreements on correspondent relations with the entries in the book of registration of agreements.

3) Verification of the correctness of the execution of the contract.

4) Comparison of the data indicated in the right to open a correspondent account and the balance of funds on them with the data of the contract registration book, the book of open accounts and personal accounts of the correspondent account.

Account closing procedure audit:

1) Identification of a respondent commercial bank whose accounts are closed as of the reporting date based on an entry in the account registration book and the contract registration book.

2) Identification on whose initiative the closing of the correspondent account is carried out.

3) Checking the availability of a card file for off-balance sheet account 90903 for this commercial respondent bank.

4) Availability of a written application of the respondent commercial bank to close the LORO account, or availability of instructions from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to restrict or prohibit the operations of the respondent commercial bank on the NOSTRO account.

5) Checking for unused checks from the respondent commercial bank.

6) Clarification of the existence of facts of reflection of operations on the personal account on the day of acceptance of the application.

7) Checking the correctness and timeliness of transferring the balance of funds from the closed LORO account.

8) Availability of copies of registered letters - notifications to the credit institution at the location of the collected funds in the presence of a file cabinet of unpaid settlement documents due to lack of funds on the LORO correspondent account.

An audit of the validity and timeliness of transactions on a correspondent account includes:

1) Checking the timeliness of the transfer of funds debited from the client's account.

2) Clarification of the amount debited from the correspondent account of the credit institution, but not charged to the corresponding account of the client, by comparing the statement on the correspondent account from the settlement center and the consolidated payment order.

3) Checking the timeliness of crediting the identified amounts to the balance account 47417 "The amount debited from the correspondent account before clarification."

4) Checking the timeliness of crediting to the appropriate account of funds received on the correspondent account of the credit institution in the RCC.

5) Comparison of the data of the correspondent account statement from the RCC with the data on the payment order and personal account.

28. Audit of interbank settlements

When auditing the settlement operations of branches, it is necessary to proceed from the following basic rules:

1) Branches of a credit organization can make settlements both in the currency of the Russian Federation and in foreign currency, but only on the basis of a power of attorney issued to the head of the branch by the parent organization. Therefore, it is necessary to check whether the settlement operations carried out by the branch on its sub-account correspond to the power of attorney.

2) Mutual accounts of interbranch settlements must be simultaneously opened on the balance sheet of a commercial bank and branches: to account for incoming payments 30301, outgoing payments 30302.

3) Every day at the end of the trading day, for each pair of accounts, a single result is made for transactions made during the day, taking into account the incoming balance at the beginning of the day. At the same time, in the consolidated daily balance sheet of the head commercial bank, the balances on accounts 30301 and 30302 should be equal.

4) Separate personal accounts for each branch and types of currency must be maintained in the head commercial bank.

5) When interacting with the head office and non-resident branches, operations for the redistribution of funds and coverage of losses are carried out on the basis of the internal banking regulation.

Next, the validity of opening an inter-branch settlements account (IFR) is checked:

1) The validity of banking operations and their compliance with the regulations on the branch and the power of attorney issued by the parent credit institution to the head of the branch, as well as their compliance with the license of the parent credit institution.

2) Availability of an order from the head of a commercial bank to open an MFR account.

3) Compliance of open accounts of the MFR with the scheme of accounts of branches provided for by internal rules.

Compliance with the procedure for carrying out operations for the redistribution of resources between the parent credit institution and branches is considered as a separate procedure in the audit of intrabank settlements. At the same time, the conditions are specified on the basis of which the resource is redistributed (either urgency and repayment, or gratuitousness). The existence of a resource reallocation accounting account is checked. To account for the received resources, account 30305 should be used, to account for the transferred resources - 30306.

29. The procedure for granting and repaying loans by bank customers

To consider the issue of obtaining a loan, a legal entity, regardless of the organizational and legal form, submits the following documents to the credit department of the bank:

1) Application for a loan indicating the amount of the loan, the purpose of use and the repayment period.

2) Legal documents.

3) Accounting statements for 3 reporting periods with a mark of the Tax Inspectorate.

4) Feasibility study or business plan.

5) Contracts and agreements of clients, confirming the effectiveness and reality of lending.

6) Documents confirming the security.

The loan inspector analyzes the information provided, makes a conclusion about the appropriateness of lending, and the credit case is submitted to the credit committee.

In case of a negative decision of the credit committee, the documents are placed in the archive, and the client is given the conclusion of the credit committee with the justified reason for the refusal set out in it. In case of a positive decision, the client and the bank conclude:

1) Loan agreement;

2) Security agreement;

3) Term obligations (provide for the right of the bank to debit funds from the borrower's account on the day of the payment date);

4) Additional agreement under the bank account agreement on granting the bank the right to directly debit funds from the borrower's account in case of late payment.

The credit department gives the accounting department an order to open a loan account, to which the above documents are attached. The quality of collateral for a loan is determined by the market value of the items received as collateral. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation establishes a list of organizations whose guarantees and guarantees are accepted as full security for loans issued (the government, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, etc.).

Registration of the operation for issuing a loan: Dt 441-457 - Kt 401-408, 30102. Security is due Dt 91301 - Kt 99999. Repayment of the loan is reflected by reverse entries.

Allocate loans:

Secured, having collateral in the form of collateral that meets the following requirements:

1) The real market value of the collateral should be sufficient to compensate for the amount of the principal debt and interest on the loan, the costs of exercising the pledge rights;

2) All legal documentation must be executed in such a way that the time required for the exercise of security rights does not exceed 150 days from the moment when it becomes necessary.

Undersecured loan - a loan secured by collateral that does not meet at least one of the above requirements.

An unsecured loan is unsecured, or has collateral that does not meet any of these requirements.

30. Credit lines, entity, audit

Bank customers often apply for a line of credit, which sets a large non-revolving limit that can be used over a certain period. A separate loan agreement is concluded for each tranche within the credit line, but only one loan account is opened. This allows you to save time associated with the consideration and collection of documents. The amount of the security provided must cover the maximum amount of the tranche within the limit.

Types of credit lines:

1) Renewable (revolving) is opened for regular financial and business operations for up to 1 year.

2) Non-renewable - loans are issued within the established limit, but the repaid part of the loan does not increase the free lending limit.

3) Framework - opens for payment of individual deliveries under one contract, implemented within one period.

According to the regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 54 of August 31, 08, the opening of a commercial bank for borrowers of revolving credit lines is not allowed. The formalization of the opening of credit lines is carried out in the same manner as one-time loans. This implies the identity of the audit procedures for checking the completeness and quality of the documentation submitted by the borrower for processing a loan, the authorization of a loan, depending on the setting of a lending limit for the borrower and assessing the financial condition of the borrower. The correctness of the application in practice of the intra-bank provision for lending to the borrower in the form of opening credit lines is also checked. Peculiarities of the audit of open credit lines consist in the special control over the issuance of each loan amount so that no overlimit is allowed and the term of the credit line is observed. The auditor also checks the correctness of the reflection of credit lines off the balance sheet, since the amount of unused credit lines increases the obligations of commercial banks and is involved in the calculation of economic standards.

31. The procedure for granting and auditing overdraft loans

A loan in the form of an overdraft is provided in case of insufficiency or lack of funds on the client's current account.

The main areas checked by the auditor for issuing loans in the form of an overdraft:

1) Provision for the conduct of such operations by the terms of the bank account agreement or an additional agreement to it.

2) Establishing a lending limit for the borrower in advance, i.e., the maximum amount of debt to a commercial bank for this type of loan, recorded on account 44201-45401.

3) Determination of the presence of a deadline during which the obligations arising from it to the bank under an overdraft must be repaid.

4) Provision of reliable and liquid collateral for the performance of loan obligations.

5) Provision of all documentation requested by a commercial bank from a borrower when issuing one-time short-term loans for processing a loan.

6) Inclusion of a loan agreement with a commercial bank for the provision of a loan in the form of an overdraft in the established list of documentation of a credit institution, fixed by the credit and accounting policy of a commercial bank.

32. Promissory notes, features of granting and audit

In banking practice, among the bill of exchange loans, the most widespread is the bearer bill of exchange loan in the form of accounting for bills of third parties by commercial banks.

As part of the audit of this operation, the auditor requests the following package of documents:

1) Regulations on bill lending.

2) Regulations on work with bills of exchange of third parties.

3) Instructions on the procedure for recording the issuance and repayment of promissory notes.

4) Memorandum on the accounting policy of a commercial bank.

5) Balance sheet of a commercial bank for the reporting year.

6) Statement of balances on balance accounts 512-519 in the context of drawers.

7) Contract for the largest amount of transactions with bills for the period under review.

8) Personal accounts of individual drawers.

9) Conclusion of specialists of a commercial bank on the security and liquidity of bills to be taken into account.

10) Journals of off-system accounting for bills held in the portfolio of a commercial bank.

11) Instruction to the accounting department on operations with discounted bills.

12) Full DEPO balance as of the reporting date.

Based on the submitted documents on promissory notes of third-party issuers held in the portfolio of a commercial bank, it is necessary to:

1) Analyze the dynamics and structure of the bill portfolio of a commercial bank based on the balance sheet data at the beginning of the year and on the last reporting date.

2) Determine compliance with the established investment limits as of the reporting date and compliance with the sanctioning of investments in promissory notes of third-party issuers under the requested agreements for transactions with promissory notes.

3) Assess the correctness of the commercial bank's depository accounting of bills of third parties acquired in its portfolio.

4) According to the original bills of exchange stored in the depository of a commercial bank, check the correctness of their execution and authenticity.

5) For promissory notes repaid in the period under review, to assess the correctness of the reflection in the accounting of the discount associated with the acceptance of promissory notes for accounting.

33. Audit of credit operations of the bank

The purpose of the audit of loan operations:

1) Analysis of the quality of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, i.e., assessment of the share of urgent and overdue debts.

2) Analysis of the credit policy of a commercial bank, identification of situations that threaten the interests of depositors and creditors.

3) Checking the conduct of loan operations, their compliance with the law, regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the internal situation of the credit institution.

4) Verification of the reliability of the reflection of credit transactions in accounting.

5) Analysis of the impact of loan operations on the financial condition of a credit institution.

Documents requested for verification:

1) Memorandum on the credit policy of the bank for 1-2 years.

2) Regulations or regulations on the procedure for providing funds to bank customers.

3) Regulations on the provision of interbank loans and placement of deposits in other banks.

4) A separate provision on lending to legal entities, the procedure for one-time loans, overdrafts, open credit lines, etc.

5) Regulations on lending to individuals for consumer purposes, for entrepreneurial activities, etc.

6) Regulations on the pledge applied in the bank and the procedure for its execution.

7) Regulation on the procedure for issuing a guarantee.

8) Regulations on the accounting of bills and the provision of bill credits.

9) Regulations on the procedure for assessing the financial condition of the borrower.

10) Regulations on the procedure for accrual and payment of interest for the use of loans and their reflection in accounting accounts.

11) Regulations on the procedure for the formation and use of RVPS (reserve for possible losses on loans).

12) The procedure for processing the documents necessary for writing off bad and uncollectible loan debt from the bank's balance sheet at the expense of the RVPS.

13) Regulations on the credit committee of the bank.

14) Minutes of meetings of the credit committee.

15) Credit affairs of borrowers.

16) Book of registration of open accounts.

17) Turnover sheet for the period under review.

18) Personal accounts of borrowers.

19) Statement of accrued interest.

20) Calculation of RVPS (form No. 115 monthly).

21) Information on the movement of RVPS (form No. 116 monthly).

22) Data on the re-registration of debts of customers and banks on loans (form 117 quarterly).

23) Data on large loans.

34. Assessment of credit risks and audit of the procedure for the formation of a reserve for possible losses on loans (RVPS)

Each commercial bank should have its own internal regulation on the procedure for the formation and use of RVPS, developed on the basis of instruction No. 62-a, but taking into account the characteristics of the clientele credited by the commercial bank, the use of forms to ensure the repayment of loans, the use of a methodology for assessing the solvency and creditworthiness of the borrower that exists the procedure for creating a reserve in a multi-branch commercial bank, the procedure for making decisions to reduce or increase the credit risk group.

When auditing on this issue, one should proceed from the following principles laid down by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the reserve system for covering credit risks:

1) The obligation to create a RVPS.

2) Form RVPS only for the principal amount of the debt.

3) Formation of RVPS for each loan separately.

4) Distribution of loans by credit risk group.

5) Definition for all loans of one borrower of a single group of credit risk.

6) The need for monthly adjustments to the RVPS.

7) Creation of RVPS at the expense of deductions attributable to the expenses of a commercial bank, regardless of the amount of income received.

Each commercial bank, when assessing the financial condition of the borrower, is guided by its own methodology for assessing their payment and creditworthiness, based on practical experience. Auditing practice shows that potential borrowers are divided by commercial banks into 3 classes by solvency and creditworthiness, based on the borrower's rating, determined on the basis of actual values calculated from its balance sheet: absolute liquidity ratio, coverage ratio, independence, financial stability and profitability. If the borrower has the 1st class of creditworthiness, according to his balance sheet, then his financial condition is good, if the 2nd is average, the 3rd is bad.

35. Organization of accounting in banks

Accounting in commercial banks is carried out on the basis of the Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”, the Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” and the Law “On Accounting”.

Clause 5 of Article 4 and Article 56 of the Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” determines that it is the Central Bank that “establishes the rules for conducting banking operations, accounting and reporting for the banking system.”

The accounting rules and the Accounting Plan are approved by orders of the Bank of Russia. The new Rules and Accounting Plan came into force on January 1, 1998.

Accounting must ensure correct, continuous and accurate reflection in the accounting of banking operations in order to obtain adequate information about the state of the bank: on the composition of property, assets and liabilities for making decisions on the effective management and management of the bank. Accounting is the basis for monitoring the economical use of financial resources and property, reducing bank costs, increasing the profitability and profitability of operations, capital growth, and taking timely measures to avoid negative phenomena in financial and economic activities.

Operating technology is understood as a set of rules and techniques for the execution and execution of banking transactions, their accounting and control.

Banks, being a financial intermediary, in accordance with the Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”, carry out the following main types of operations:

▪ attracting funds from individuals and legal entities to deposits (on demand and for a certain period);

▪ placement of raised funds on your own behalf and at your own expense;

▪ opening and maintaining bank accounts for individuals and legal entities;

▪ carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;

▪ collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services for individuals and legal entities;

▪ purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms (under a separate license);

▪ attraction of deposits and placement of precious metals (under a separate license);

▪ issuance of bank guarantees.

▪ issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form;

▪ acquisition of the right to demand from third parties the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form;

▪ trust management of funds and other property under agreements with individuals and legal entities;

▪ carrying out transactions with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

▪ provision of lease to individuals and legal entities of special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables;

▪ leasing operations;

▪ provision of consulting and information services.

The Bank has the right to carry out other operations in accordance with current legislation. The list of permitted operations is determined by the license issued to the credit organization by the Bank of Russia.

A bank (credit organization) is prohibited from engaging in production, trade and insurance activities.

Conventionally, banking operations are divided into:

▪ settlement operations;

▪ passive operations;

▪ active operations;

▪ commission transactions;

▪ own business;

▪ transactions with securities;

▪ urgent operations;

▪ trust management;

▪ other.

All these types of transactions are subject to accounting.

Proper observance of instructions and other regulatory documents allows you to timely and correctly work with the bank's customers who are in cash and settlement services, reflect the operations carried out by the bank in accounting, prevent errors and illegal operations, as well as minimize troubles from communication with the Banking Department. supervision. All these measures will provide the bank with stable and profitable work for a long time.

When conducting accounting, it is necessary to be guided by regulatory documents on the regulation of banking activities, the main of which are the following.

1. Chart of accounts for accounting in credit institutions of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Bank of Russia dated October 31, 1996 No. 02-399 and order dated March 11, 1997 No. 02-67, taking into account subsequent changes and additions.

2. Rules for maintaining accounting records in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation No. 61 were approved by Order of the Bank of Russia dated June 18, 1997 No. 02-263, taking into account subsequent amendments and additions.

3. On accounting for securities and some other transactions in commercial banks. Letter of the State Bank of the USSR dated March 14, 1991 No. 341 (including changes and additions).

4. Regulations on the procedure for maintaining accounting records of currency transactions in credit institutions. Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated June 10, 1996 No. 290. Approved by order of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated June 10, 1996 No. 02-198.

5. Instruction No. 1. “On the procedure for regulating the activities of banks.” Introduced by order of the Bank of Russia dated October 01, 1997 No. 02-430.

6. Regulations on non-cash payments in the Russian Federation. Letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated July 9, 1992 No. 14.

7. Regulations on non-cash payments by credit institutions in the Russian Federation dated November 25, 1997 No. 5-P.

8. Rules for Keeping Records of Custody Operations of Credit Institutions in the Russian Federation No. 25 of July 1996, 44. Approved by Order No. 25-1996 of the Bank of Russia of July 02, 259.

9. Regulations on the procedure for maintaining accounting records of purchase and sale transactions of foreign currency, precious metals and securities in credit institutions dated March 21, 1997 No. 55. Approved by order of the Bank of Russia dated March 21, 1997 No. 02-97.

10. On settlement, current and budget accounts opened in institutions of the State Bank of the USSR. Instruction of the State Bank of the USSR dated October 30, 1986 No. 28. Taking into account letters, State Bank of the USSR dated July 9, 1991 No. 359 “On the procedure for opening accounts for entrepreneurs”, Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated August 16, 1994 No. 104 “Procedure for applying the provisions of the Presidential Decree RF dated May 23, 1994 No. 1006 “On the implementation of comprehensive measures for the timely and full payment of taxes and other obligatory payments to the budget” and June 5, 1995 No. 171 “On changing paragraph 2 of the procedure for applying the provisions of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 23, 1994 No. 1006 "On the implementation of comprehensive measures for the timely and full payment of taxes and other obligatory payments to the budget."

11. Instruction No. 8 “On the rules for the issuance and registration of securities by commercial banks on the territory of the Russian Federation” as amended on September 17, 1996.

In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 1994 No. 170 “Regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation” does not apply to banks. Nevertheless, this Regulation is of undoubted interest to bank accountants and its provisions can be applied in the bank.

It should also be noted that, in accordance with the Law "On Accounting", the regulations of departments should not contradict the regulations and guidelines of the Ministry of Finance of Russia.

Bank operations related to the payment or receipt of value added tax must be based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 07 No. 96, taking into account the clarifications of the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation (letter dated April 914, 11 No. B04-97-3/ 6) be issued using invoices.

The accounting and operating apparatus of the bank consists of employees involved in the execution, control of settlement and monetary documents and the reflection of banking operations on accounting accounts.

The accounting and operational apparatus is headed by the chief accountant of the bank, acting on the basis of the Law “On Accounting” and the Rules for Maintaining Accounting, the Regulations on Chief Accountants, approved by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 24, 1980, taking into account the requirements of the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1994 No. 170, and the current regulations of the bank, if its functions, rights and obligations are not described in the Bank’s Charter. Typically in banks, the chief accountant has several deputies responsible for different areas of work:

a) accounting for the bank’s intra-business operations;

b) operational accounting;

c) accounting of currency transactions;

d) securities accounting;

e) accounting of income, expenses and financial results, as well as preparation of financial and tax reporting.

One of the main tasks of chief accountants is methodological support for the reflection in the accounting of operations performed by the bank, as well as the implementation of control and analytical functions, ensuring the obligations of the bank.

The chief accountant reports directly to the head of the bank.

Chief accountants can and are obliged to give recommendations on the compliance of the bank's liabilities with its assets, the structure of the bank's income and expenses, and the increase in the profitability of ongoing operations.

In accordance with the Accounting Rules No. 61, the chief accountant cannot be assigned the responsibilities of the managers of a bank institution in the event of their temporary absence, as well as responsibilities for directly performing accounting operations.

The accounting and operational apparatus of the bank works on the principle of responsible executors or operational teams. The specific duties of employees of the accounting and operating apparatus are determined by the chief accountant of the bank.

36. Bank balance and principles of its construction

Accounting in banks is based on general principles:

▪ registration of transactions using the double entry method for balance sheet and off-balance sheet accounts;

▪ documentation of operations;

▪ monetary valuation of property, liabilities and transactions;

▪ completeness and continuity of accounting.

The balance sheet of a bank, like any other institution, consists of two parts: an asset (shows the value of all property) and a liability (the liabilities of the bank and its capital). Accounts are divided into balance sheet and off-balance sheet.

Balance sheet accounts reflect cash and non-cash funds, settlements, borrowed funds, funds, income and expenses, profits and losses. Accounts are kept in multi-currency terms.

Off-balance accounts reflect: funds and valuables that do not belong to the bank, but are kept and managed by it (including in trust management); obligations and claims that have not come due (terms transactions); deferred and overdue payments; securities (depository activities) in pieces.

Balance accounts are active and passive. They are grouped into sections according to their economic content. One section can contain active and passive accounts.

Active accounts take into account cash, funds from other banks (including the Central Bank of the Russian Federation), loans, capital investment and business expenses, receivables, expenses and losses. On active accounts, an increase is reflected in the debit, and a decrease in the credit.

On passive accounts, the funds of organizations, institutions and citizens, deposits, accounts payable, bank funds, income and profit are taken into account. An increase in a passive account is reflected in a credit, and a decrease in a debit.

Since January 1, 1998, active-passive accounts have not been maintained. For operations that require changing balances from active to passive or vice versa, a mode of paired accounts has been introduced.

The mode of paired accounts provides for the opening of two personal accounts at the same time - active on an active balance account and passive on a passive balance account.

The list of accounts for which both active and passive balances may arise is given in the appendix to Rules No. 61.

37. Analytical and synthetic accounting

Banking accounting, as well as accounting in general, is divided into synthetic and analytical.

Analytical accounting

As stated in the Accounting Rules, analytical accounting in banks is maintained in personal accounts (cards, books, magazines or electronic databases) opened for each type of accounted funds and valuables, indicating their purpose and owner. For each balance synthetic account of the second order, personal accounts of analytical accounting are opened.

Personal accounts are opened as needed, i.e. if the bank does not conduct operations on any balance account, then personal accounts for it are not opened.

Accounts of individuals on deposits are opened in compliance with the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and are reflected in the book of registration of open accounts on a general basis. If the legislation of the Russian Federation does not provide for informing tax authorities, extra-budgetary funds about the opening of an account, then in the account registration book in the column "date of notification to tax authorities, funds about opening an account" the inscription "not required" is made.

Personal accounts opened for accounting of intrabank operations (accounting for property, settlements, participation, capital, income, expenses, performance results, etc.) are also registered in the book of registration of open accounts for intrabank operations.

When maintaining a book in electronic form, a statement of open and closed accounts is printed daily and stapled into a book. Once a year or more often, a book of registration of accounts in the context of balance sheet accounts of the second order is printed, which is checked against the daily statements.

A personal account has a value of 20 characters.

Numbering of signs of the personal account:

Signs from the 1st to the 5th mean the number of the balance account of the second order (1-3 characters - the account of the first order).

Signs from the 6th to the 8th - indicate the currency code. Currency codes are used as standard in accordance with the all-Russian classifier, but are put into effect only after a special instruction from the Bank of Russia.

The ninth character is a security key, which is used for automated accounting in electronic interbank settlements. For banks, account keying is mandatory, since the programs of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation computer center do not accept accounts that do not have a key or have an incorrect key. The procedure for calculating the key in the personal account number is determined in the letter of the Bank of Russia dated 08. No. 09.

For budget accounts, digits 15 and 16 are used as a determinant of the reporting symbol. Some features in the numbering of personal accounts opened on accounts for accounting income and budget funds were reported by the Central Bank’s instructions dated November 19, 11. No. 97-u.

If the bank does not have branches or departments, then free signs can be used at its own discretion.

Personal accounts are opened in ascending order of serial numbers. It should be noted that this is not always convenient. The most convenient is the order of numbering client accounts, when the client is assigned an individual number and this number is included in the personal account number.

Some features have the numbering of budget accounts, which are described in the chapter on accounting for budgetary funds.

The digit capacity and numbering order of personal securities accounts are determined by the instructions dated July 25, 07. No. 96.

The order and numbering of personal accounts for other off-balance accounts is determined independently by the credit institution.

Operations on a personal account are reflected on the form of the established form of maintaining a personal account.

Mandatory details for maintaining personal accounts include:

a) date of operation;

b) transaction document number; c) correspondent account; d) transaction amount; e) debit turnover and credit turnover; e) account balances.

A typical form of an extract from a personal account is the form by which Bank of Russia institutions issue statements to their clients. This form is recommended by a special instruction of the Central Bank to credit institutions for issuance to customers and is given below. Programs "Operating day of the bank" allow you to receive such forms on computers.

Banks print out an extract from the personal accounts of customers in two copies. One copy is handed over to the client in the prescribed manner, and the second copies of the statements are stitched together and stored in the bank.

Statements for client accounts are printed for each day during which any transactions were made on them, and for currency current accounts also for each last working day of the month indicating the ruble equivalent of foreign currency (for the preparation of financial statements by the client). Documents or their copies are attached to extracts from personal accounts, on the basis of which transactions were made for crediting or debiting funds.

Information about the conditional digital designation of the type of operations is also entered in the personal account.

Synthetic accounting

Synthetic accounting materials are daily balance sheets, cash and accounting journals, summary cards, checklists, turnover and balance sheets, a statement of funds by maturity.

Balance sheets are compiled daily by all credit institutions.

Considering that banks receive a statement on their correspondent account with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the morning of the next business day, and on correspondent accounts with other banks, respectively, even later, the bank's balance sheet should be drawn up on the next business day. The correctness of the compilation of the daily balance sheet is controlled by the equality of the total balances of assets and liabilities, as well as the correctness of the balances of assets and liabilities on off-balance accounts and the correspondence of the total of the previous balance sheet plus the total of income turnover minus the total of expenditure turnover according to the accounting journal for the day for which the balance is drawn up.

At present, in conditions of continuous automation, keeping a journal in banks is not practical.

When accounting for foreign exchange transactions, it should be noted that analytical accounting is carried out in foreign currency and the ruble equivalent of this currency, and synthetic accounting is only in ruble equivalent.

Verification of personal accounts is carried out by responsible executors who are entrusted with maintaining these accounts. At the same time, it is checked whether all entries in personal accounts are substantiated by the relevant documents that have passed the control of authorized employees of the bank and signed by them when processing transactions, whether the relevant details and amounts of documents have been correctly transferred to personal accounts.

In order to prevent the appearance of active balances on passive accounts and passive balances on active accounts, the bank checks the balances on personal accounts for a "red balance". This procedure is automated in many business day programs.

38. Documentation on bank operations

1. Settlement, cash, credit and other operations are performed in banks and reflected in accounting on the basis of cash settlement documents drawn up in accordance with established requirements.

The use of non-established forms or the replacement of one form with another form may lead to incorrect recording of transactions. Thus, during the arbitration proceedings, it was found that the bank, contrary to the established procedure, used the payment order form 0401002 instead of the letter of credit form 0401005. In violation of paragraph 5. 8 of the Regulations on non-cash payments in the Russian Federation, the payment order does not contain all the necessary details of the letter of credit. In particular, it does not contain the exact name of the documents on the basis of which the payment under the letter of credit is made, the type of letter of credit, the method of its execution. The beneficiary's bank credited the funds to the beneficiary's account. Under these conditions, it is unlawful to impose property liability on the executing commercial bank for the recipient's failure to fulfill contractual obligations.

The list of forms of documents approved for use is given in the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documents (OKUD), approved by the State Standard of Russia in 1993. In the activities of banks, forms of the class of forms 04 "Unified system of banking documentation", i.e. forms for banking operations, are mainly used start from 04. On January 1, 1998, new formats of settlement and payment documents were introduced. For example, payment request 0401060, payment request 0401061, payment request - order 0401064, letter of credit application 0401063; memorial order 0481008. payment order 0401066

If necessary (and in the absence of an approved form), banks develop and approve their own forms of documents. Requirements for the details of the document are contained in the Law "On Accounting".

Memorial documents are cash settlement documents, memorial, cash and off-balance orders.

The official of the bank who signed the document is responsible for the correctness of the accounting operation performed on it in the bank.

Bank employees who have signed any settlement and monetary document, without having the right to do so, are responsible for this offense in a disciplinary manner, and if there are elements of a crime in their actions, they are held criminally liable. In the same manner, bank employees who have the right to sign are liable if they exceed their powers.

Some banks also introduce the responsibility of bank officials for failure to make a decision within the powers of this official.

It should be especially emphasized that in accordance with the Law “On Accounting” and Rules No. 61, no changes, even those specified, are allowed in banking documents.

Banking is understood as all documents that are the basis for their reflection in the bank's accounting.

Primary documents are acts, certificates, invoices and other documents confirming the fact of the transaction, its legality. Primary documents are usually attached to bank documents.

Primary documents are attached to memorial warrants, in which an entry is made about them. In the event that primary documents are stapled into separate binders, reference is made in memorial documents to the date and number of the primary document that served as the basis for the posting.

Documents that serve as the basis for postings must be accounted for (have account numbers for debit and credit).

Operations carried out without bank client documents are documented by documents drawn up by bank institutions in accordance with the requirements of Rules No. 61 of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and instructions for individual operations, on valid forms. This includes, in particular, incoming and outgoing cash orders, memorial balance and off-balance sheet orders, orders from the credit department, etc. These operations require additional control.

The basis for carrying out transactions on correspondent accounts is an extract from a correspondent account issued to the RCC bank (TSOU, OPERU) by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation or a correspondent bank.

When carrying out transactions in the stock, currency and other markets, the basis for accounting for transactions are statements of settlement centers of stock exchanges, dealers, reports on transactions and other documents.

All memorial documents with attached primary documents confirming the bank's transactions for a given day are called documents of the day.

In memorial documents for partial payment of payment requests and orders, payment of penalties, in cash orders and off-balance sheet memorial orders for posting and writing off valuables and documents stored in a vault or pantry, the total amounts are repeated in words.

39. Organization of document flow

The document flow in the bank is approved by the head of the bank.

Regulatory documents establish the following basic requirements for the organization of the working day and workflow in banks:

▪ all settlement and monetary documents received by the bank during the business day are subject to acceptance, registration and reflection in accounting accounts on the same day;

▪ settlement and monetary documents received by the bank after the end of the business day are posted to customer accounts, as a rule, on the next business day. The specific time of completion of the operating day is established by the head of the bank institution.

Acceptance of cash settlement documents from customers during the operating day is carried out directly by accounting and operational employees or in a centralized manner, through special employees. During non-operational time, documents are handed over to the bank through special devices (boxes).

Settlement and cash transactions of individuals (depositors, pensioners, citizens making various contributions) are carried out during the operating day directly by the responsible executor performing the relevant operations.

It makes sense to carry out operations for processing loans and deposits, as well as for the sale of debt obligations, during operating hours, and intra-bank operations in the afternoon.

In view of the foregoing, each bank establishes a workflow schedule, which indicates a specific time (interval) for settlement and cash services, associations, enterprises, business organizations, credit and deposit, as well as interbank and operations and operations in the stock market and the time of passage of documents in all areas of their processing.

The organization of the working day of accounting and operating employees is established in such a way as to ensure the timely execution of incoming settlement and monetary documents and their reflection in accounting on balance and off-balance accounts with the preparation of a daily balance sheet.

The document flow for settlements between banks in banks and cash settlement centers is organized in accordance with the Regulations "On the organization of interbank settlements in the territory of the Russian Federation" and "On the organization of settlements between banks of different republics".

40. Internal control and audit

One of the conditions for internal control is a clear separation of control and executive functions when keeping records in a bank.

The Bank exercises preliminary and subsequent control over its operations.

When conducting preliminary control, banking operations are controlled at the time of their completion or before that moment. Most banking operations are subject to preliminary control (cash, deposit, settlement).

When accepting monetary documents, the responsible executor (accountant, controller) is obliged to check whether the document complies with the established form of the form, whether all the details provided for in the form are filled in, the correctness of the bank details (in case of absence, they are affixed by the bank employees), whether the seal and signature of the manager correspond invoice declared to the bank samples. After that, the document is certified by the signature of the responsible executor.

Orders for the accounts of bank funds, precious metals, for the expenditure of cash, profits and losses, for accounting for overdue debts and interest, debts written off at a loss, as well as orders for closing settlement, current, budget accounts and orders for closing correspondent accounts, orders to correct errors in accounting must have a control signature. The control signature for the types of transactions is provided to senior persons appointed by order for the bank.

Accounting entries are corrected using the reverse reversal method. The document serving as the basis for making a corrective entry is a corrective order. The warrant is issued in 4 copies. Due to the fact that corrective entries are not massive, the Bank of Russia does not allow the production of corrective orders using computer technology.

Settlement and monetary documents, on the basis of which banking institutions received and issued cash and other valuables and transferred funds from one account to another bank account, must have a posting date and signatures of the bank officials who issued the document and checked it, and the documents for those operations for which additional control is not required - one signature of the responsible executor.

Follow-up is carried out selectively or thematically. It is carried out by the chief accountant of the bank or authorized persons by his order.

The organization of control and daily monitoring of its implementation in all areas of accounting, operational and cash work are assigned to the chief accountant.

Chief accountants of banking institutions, their deputies, heads of departments and inspectors of follow-up control are obliged by position to systematically carry out subsequent checks of accounting and operational work.

Subsequent inspections should be carried out in such a way that the work of each accounting and operational employee is checked, as a rule, at least once a year.

In order to maintain the financial stability of the bank, competently conduct operations, ensure the safety and increase of liabilities, obtain reliable information about the financial condition and the state of executive discipline, many banks began to introduce internal audit departments instead of auditing and accounting departments.

In contrast to the auditing and accounting departments, audit departments are also assigned broader functions. Thus, the following tasks can be assigned to the audit department:

▪ administrative control;

▪ accounting control;

▪ control of the liquidity of assets and the safety of liabilities, compliance of the structures of liabilities and assets;

▪ monitoring the profitability and profitability of operations.

The main outgoing documents of the audit department are:

▪ notes on the state of affairs in a particular area of the bank’s activities or banking operations;

▪ notes on the compliance of the operations carried out with the decisions of the general meeting of shareholders (shareholders) of the bank, the Council or the Board of the bank, on the implementation of orders and instructions for the bank;

▪ analytical notes;

▪ inspection reports.

The functions of intra-bank audit in different banks may differ significantly. However, the larger the bank, the larger its branch network, the more important is the implementation of control measures.

In addition, in accordance with the orders of the Bank of Russia dated August 28, 08 No. 97-02 and dated August 372, 29 No. 08-97, the Regulations “On the organization of internal control in banks” and “On the procedure for organizing internal control” were approved. control in credit institutions - participants in financial markets." In accordance with these documents, banks must create an internal control service whose functions include:

▪ compliance by bank employees with the requirements of current legislation;

▪ assessment and minimization of banking risks;

▪ correct and timely recording of banking transactions;

The head of the internal control service is ex officio the deputy head of the bank and cannot simultaneously manage other divisions of the bank.

41. Document storage

Banks are obliged to ensure the strict safety of accounting documents, which mean not only documents on the bank's business activities, but also settlement and payment documents of the bank's customers.

Responsibility for the correct organization and observance of the established procedure for the storage of accounting documents rests with the heads and chief accountants of the bank.

Documents are stored in paper and electronic form.

By letter dated November 17, 1994 No. 78K, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation brought to the attention that commercial banks in their work on organizing and maintaining office work and archival affairs should be guided by the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation and archives, the Regulations on the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation, approved by decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 17, 03 No. 94, as well as methodological developments of the State Archival Service of Russia: Basic provisions of the State system of documentation support for management (M., 552), Basic rules for the work of departmental archives (M., 1991), List standard documents generated in the activities of state committees, ministries, departments and other institutions, organizations, enterprises, indicating storage periods (M., 1986).

In addition, a special “Standard list of documents generated in the activities of credit institutions with an indication of storage periods” was developed and approved specifically for credit organizations, approved by the Federal Archive Service (dated January 16, 01 No. 1996-10-2/1) and agreed with the Bank of Russia and the Association of Russian Banks.

In accordance with the Law "On the Fundamentals of the Tax System in the Russian Federation" and the Law "On Accounting", documents and reports on financial and economic activities are kept for at least five years.

The specific periods of storage of individual documents related to accounting and reporting are defined in the Model List for Credit Institutions and the List of Documents dated 1988. You can familiarize yourself with an extract from the list in the book "Accounting: Collection of Regulatory Documents" M., Finance and Statistics, Audit , 1994. The author could not find a standard list for credit organizations in printed form, but it is placed in the "Consultant +" system.

In order to ensure the safety of documents of the non-state part of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation, credit institutions ensure their permanent storage in archives or structural divisions created for these purposes in accordance with clause 19 of the Regulations on the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations), approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation from 17. 03. 94 N 552.

Documents for permanent storage and for personnel are transferred to state archives in accordance with the letter of the Bank of Russia dated January 15, 1998 No. 12-T. Particular attention should be paid to the safety of documents regarding bank employees. Based on the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 03 No. 94-R, the Central Bank issued instructions dated April 358, 12 No. 04-94 on the inclusion in the charters of banks of a provision relating to ensuring the accounting and safety of these documents.

When storing accounting registers, they must be protected from unauthorized corrections. Correction of an error in the accounting register must be substantiated and confirmed by the signature of the person who made the correction, indicating the date of correction.

At present, in accordance with the new Accounting Rules, the database of personal accounts in a computer is maintained with mandatory duplication, at least on two different media, and must ensure the preservation of information within the period established for the storage of relevant documents.

The list of balances of placed (attracted) funds is maintained programmatically, on a daily basis, issued for printing from a computer as needed.

Accounting (memorial) documents are kept filed for each working day in ascending order of numbers of debited balance accounts. The selection of documents is carried out by the employee who is entrusted with the formation of documents.

Electronic documents are stored in the form of databases with the ability to print documents on paper according to established document formats. Documents in the database are grouped according to the rules of paper documents.

Paper banking documents are stored in the bank's pantry or in a special archive. A separate room with limited access to documents is allocated for the archive.

Inquiries on documents stored in the pantry, accounting department and current archive are made in the presence of the cashier who is responsible for the documents, or the employee in charge of the current archive, according to the requirements signed by the chief accountant or his deputy (head of department).

Accounting and cash registers and daily balance sheets are bookmarked by month.

Cash documents, documents on deposits of citizens, on loans to individual borrowers, on operations with precious metals, foreign currency and on business operations of the bank are placed in separate binders (folders), since these documents differ in terms of storage.

In accordance with the Temporary Regulations on the Rules for the Exchange of Electronic Documents between the Bank of Russia, Credit Institutions (Branches) and Other Clients of the Bank of Russia When Making Settlements Through the Settlement Network of the Bank of Russia When Working with Electronic Documents Used in Making Non-Cash Settlements Through the Settlement Network of the Bank of Russia and Their storage has several features. Archives of electronic documents, digital signature validation tools, and other archives are maintained at the institutions of the Bank of Russia and at the participants in the context of all incoming and outgoing electronic documents in accordance with the storage periods established for payment documents on paper. The rules for maintaining these archives are governed by the current legislation, including the regulations of the Bank of Russia, and the Agreement.

The destruction of electronic documents is carried out in relation to the corresponding program data with the simultaneous destruction of copies of these documents on paper.

In the work of a bank, the number of documents is very large and document storage always remains a pressing issue. Some banks microfilm documents. At the same time, after the destruction of documents, after the expiration of the storage period, microfilms remain in the bank. However, microfilms do not replace primary documents until their storage period expires, which is confirmed by letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated November 30, 11 No. 94-09-10/2.

The head of the bank appoints a special commission of bank officials, which is entrusted with the decision to destroy documents after the expiration of their storage period.

Special officers prepare acts on the allocation of cases for destruction. Case documents are reviewed sheet by sheet to avoid the destruction of documents with a different shelf life. Destroyed cases are activated, and the lists of destroyed documents remain in the archive.

When a bank is liquidated, some of the documents are retained in the future. The terms and procedure for storing documents are regulated by the letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of August 5, 1998 N 169-T "On the placement of archives and the procedure for destroying documents during the liquidation of credit institutions", which defines the nomenclature of files (list of documents) to be stored after the completion of liquidation procedures.

EPK - Expert-verification commission of the State Archives.

When seizing documents by organizations entitled to do so, upon consultation with the legal department of the Main Directorate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for Moscow, banks must copy the transferred originals of the legal case with an original copy of the investigator’s decision on the seizure of documents and an original copy of the protocol. The chief accountant of the bank can certify copies of cards with sample signatures after comparing them with the main copies before seizing.

On copies of documents, the chief accountant puts a mark "Copy. Document withdrawn." Copies are placed in the binding of documents instead of original documents. In addition, an order to seize with an act of seized documents is placed in the case.

42. The procedure for issuing settlement documents

1. Payment documents must meet the requirements of established standards and contain:

a) name of the settlement document;

b) number of the payment document, day, month, year of its issue. The date is indicated in numbers, the month in words, and the year in numbers. On settlement documents filled out on computers, it is allowed to indicate the month in numbers; c) details of the payer’s bank (BIC and the number of its correspondent account). Name of the payer's bank. Instead of the name of the payer's bank, its corporate designation may also be indicated in the text of the document; d) the name of the payer, his bank account number and tax registration number (TIN) (from January 1, 1996); e) name of the recipient of funds, his bank account number. f) name of the recipient's bank (not indicated on the check), details of the bank receiving the funds. A rational abbreviation of the name of the payer and recipient of funds is allowed, which does not complicate the work of banks and clients; g) purpose of payment (not indicated on the receipt). Along with the text name, you can put down a code designation; h) the amount of payment, indicated in numbers and in words; i) order of payment; j) date of payment; k) on the first copy of the enterprise’s signature, regardless of the method of production of the paper settlement document, a seal impression is also affixed on the first copy of the order.

Settlement and payment documents must contain a reference to the invoice number on the basis of which payment is made.

The Bank accepts documents from clients in hard copy or, if it is provided for by the agreement, in electronic form.

Settlement paper documents are accepted by the bank for execution if there are signatures issued by officials who have the right to sign for settlement and monetary transactions on bank accounts. The bank verifies the authenticity of the signature and seal on the documents. Recall that the arbitration case "Vneshtorgtekhnika" against Chasprombank on a false payment order (1993) in the Moscow Arbitration Court was won by the bank's client. The client stated that the signatures on the payment order submitted to the bank, on the basis of which the money was debited, were falsified. To justify its actions, the bank explained that the signatures on the payment order "by eye" are similar to the sample signatures of the client on the card.

43. Audit of the brokerage activities of the bank

In order for a credit institution to purchase and sell securities at the expense and on behalf of a client on the basis of a brokerage agreement, a passive account 30601 "Client's funds for brokerage operations with securities and other financial assets" and 30606 "Funds of non-resident clients for brokerage operations with securities" are opened and other financial assets. All operations are carried out within the limits of available funds on these accounts and are documented by postings.

The Commercial Bank maintains a register of brokerage operations, which is filled out daily based on the results of the Commercial Bank's operations with securities in the primary and secondary markets based on extracts from the registers of transactions of brokerage agreements with clients. The summary data of the turnover journal is used to enter summary turnovers into the journal.

When auditing brokerage transactions, the auditor should:

1) Make sure that transactions are carried out in accordance with the contract and instructions of investors for each transaction.

2) Check compliance with legal formalities for opening an account for a client.

3) Verify that all accounting transactions are recorded in the correct amount to the appropriate account at the correct time period and in accordance with accounting policies.

4) The right of ownership of investors is formalized in accordance with applicable law.

5) Check the statements on the personal accounts of investors for the compliance of debit and credit turnover with the instructions of investors.

6) Make sure that the data of analytical, synthetic and depositary accounting are identical.

7) Check the correctness of the reflection by commercial banks and the timeliness of the transfer by the investor of the commission in accordance with the contract.

44. Audit of dealer activity of the bank

Operations for the purchase and sale of securities on their own behalf and at their own expense are reflected by commercial banks on the balance sheet and off-balance sheet section "D" - "Urgent transactions". Credit institutions' investments in long-term liabilities are reflected in accounts 501-507, investments in shares - in accounts 508-511. Commercial banks participating in the government bond market are divided into dealers and investors. The dealer is a commercial bank that has entered into an agreement with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to perform the functions of servicing operations with bonds.

In addition, the dealer must conclude an agreement with MICEX:

1) On participation in the MICEX electronic trading system for transactions with GKOs.

2) On participation in the electronic system of the MICEX depository for the storage and accounting of GKOs.

3) On participation in the system of electronic interbank settlements with the MICEX.

The dealer can conclude transactions both on his own behalf and at his own expense, and on his own behalf, but at the expense and on behalf of the investor. To conduct transactions with GKOs, dealers provide powers and draw them up by power of attorney to individuals - traders.

The main documents that the auditor requests to verify the legality, validity and correctness of the operations of a commercial bank:

1) The balance sheet of a commercial bank at the beginning of the year and on the audit reporting date.

2) Monthly balance sheets.

3) Statement of balances for accounts of the second order to account 501-508.

4) Journals of personal accounting by types and issues of government bonds.

5) Journals of turnover on operations with government bonds.

6) Journal of consolidated results of operations with bonds.

7) Applications of commercial banks in the trading system for the purchase and sale of securities for the period under review.

8) Extracts from the registers of transactions with securities on the MICEX for the period under review.

9) Order of the accounting department of the securities department on the reflection of ongoing transactions with government securities on the accounts.

10) Registers of analytical accounting and documents for commercial banks on a sample.

Audit of dealer operations includes:

1) Verification of the existence of an agreement with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the MICEX.

2) Checking the powers of traders.

3) Confirmation of the reliability of accounting for investment transactions.

4) Checking the balance sheet of results on the OSM based on the results of operations in the market.

5) Confirmation of the reliability of attributing to the account of income or expenses the balance of accumulation of interest or coupon income.

6) Checking the availability of analytical accounting registers.

7) Checking the consistency of synthetic and analytical accounting data.

8) Assessment of the quality of the formed portfolio of securities.

9) Checking the availability and compliance of the accounting on the DEPO account of the purchased securities.

10) Checking the correctness and timeliness of opening an account, including the investment and trading portfolio of a commercial bank.

45. Verification of the procedure for the formation and use of the provision for depreciation of securities

On the last business day of each month, credit institutions' investments in securities are revalued at the real market value. Revaluation is carried out at the average market price on the last business day.

Criteria for classifying securities as securities with a market quotation:

1) The inclusion of this security in the listing of securities on at least one stock exchange or in the stock department of a commodity exchange.

2) The average monthly exchange turnover on these securities following the results of the reporting quarter should not be less than the amount equivalent to 20000 euros.

3) Publication of the official exchange quotation in public publications.

4) No restrictions on the circulation of securities.

If the market price for securities that meet these criteria is lower than the book price on the day of revaluation, the credit institution is obliged to create a reserve for the depreciation of securities in the amount of a price reduction relative to the book value. In this case, the amount of the reserve should not exceed 50% of the book value of the securities. Revaluation of investments in securities leads to the creation of a provision, but does not change the carrying amount. If, at the end of the reporting period, the market price increases compared to the book price, then the amount of the reserve is adjusted downward, up to the full allocation of the amount of the reserve to the bank's income (Shevchuk D. A. Fundamentals of banking. - Rostov-on-don: Phoenix, 2006 ).

46. Classification of income of a credit institution

The bank's income is classified according to the accounts of the 2nd order of account 701 "Income".

For tax purposes, income is divided into 2 groups.

I. Income taken into account when calculating the taxable base for income tax.

In Russia, these incomes are recorded at the time of payment, i.e., the cash method of accounting is used.

This group includes: interest received; income from operations with securities; income from operations with foreign currency; income received from the participation of the bank in the authorized capital of other enterprises and banks; income received from bank organizations (income from the activities of banking educational institutions, from other organizations); other income (from the provision of consulting, information and other services by the bank, the commission received on collection operations, excess material assets and cash on hand, the recovery amount of reserves for possible losses on loans and the reserve for depreciation of securities).

II. Income attributable to the financial performance of the bank.

This group includes: dividends and interest on shares; positive exchange rate difference on operations with foreign currency; income received from the sale of fixed assets and other property owned by the bank; fines, penalties, forfeits received.

47. Audit of income of a credit institution

The bank's income is classified according to the accounts of the 2nd order of account 701 "Income".

For tax purposes, income is divided into 2 groups.

I. Income taken into account when calculating the taxable base for income tax.

In Russia, these incomes are recorded at the time of payment, i.e., the cash method of accounting is used.

II. Income attributable to the financial performance of the bank.

48. Classification of expenses of a credit institution

Bank expenses are classified according to accounts of the 2nd order to account 702 "Expenses". Along with this, in accordance with the requirement of Decree No. 490, bank debit operations are divided into 3 groups:

I) Expenses included in the cost of services provided by banks and taken into account when calculating the tax base for paying income tax. This group includes:

1) Interest paid on loans received (interest on interbank loans, interbranch loans, extended loans). Expenses on attracted loans are taken into account to reduce the taxable base for income tax only within the limits of the discount rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, increased by 3 percentage points. Interest payments exceeding this standard are charged against the profit remaining at the disposal of the bank.

2) Interest paid on deposit accounts and other attracted funds of individuals and legal entities.

3) Expenses on operations with securities.

4) Expenses on transactions with foreign currency (this includes the amount of commission paid on transactions with foreign currency, including currency exchange transactions, transactions on currency exchanges, etc.).

5) Expenses for the maintenance of the administrative apparatus (wages, deductions from the wage fund to off-budget funds, personnel training expenses, compensation of employees for the use of personal vehicles for business trips).

6) Other expenses (rental expenses, subscriptions to periodicals, taxes charged to cost, services provided to banks, travel expenses, hospitality expenses, advertising expenses).

II) Costs attributable to the financial performance of the bank.

This group includes:

1) Local taxes and fees, with the exception of those attributable to cost.

2) Fines, fines, forfeits awarded or recognized by the debtor.

3) Losses from writing off debts not offset by reserves.

4) Negative exchange differences on operations with foreign currency.

5) Losses on operations of previous years identified in the reporting year.

6) Legal costs and arbitration costs.

III) Expenses that are not subject to attribution to expenses included in the cost of services rendered to banks and other expenses taken into account when calculating the taxable base for income tax. These expenses do not reduce the taxable base for income tax and can only be carried out at the expense of the profit remaining at the disposal of the bank.

This group includes:

1) Payments in cash and in kind of certain types of bonuses and material assistance.

2) Capital expenditures, construction of new facilities, expansion and reconstruction of existing ones.

3) The cost of maintaining non-production facilities.

4) Dividends paid to shareholders, shareholders of the bank.

5) Contributions to non-state pension funds for voluntary insurance of employees.

6) Expenses associated with the opening of branches and representative offices.

7) The amount of penalties paid to the budget.

49. Audit of expenses of a credit institution

I) Expenses included in the cost of services provided by banks and taken into account when calculating the tax base for paying income tax. This group includes:

2) Interest paid on deposit accounts and other attracted funds of individuals and legal entities.

3) Expenses on operations with securities.

6) Other expenses (rental expenses, subscriptions to periodicals, taxes charged to cost, services provided to banks, travel expenses, hospitality expenses, advertising expenses).

II) Costs attributable to the financial performance of the bank.

This group includes:

1) Local taxes and fees, with the exception of those attributable to cost.

2) Fines, fines, forfeits awarded or recognized by the debtor.

3) Losses from writing off debts not offset by reserves.

4) Negative exchange differences on operations with foreign currency.

5) Losses on operations of previous years identified in the reporting year.

6) Legal costs and arbitration costs.

This group includes:

1) Payments in cash and in kind of certain types of bonuses and material assistance.

2) Capital expenditures, construction of new facilities, expansion and reconstruction of existing ones.

3) The cost of maintaining non-production facilities.

4) Dividends paid to shareholders, shareholders of the bank.

5) Contributions to non-state pension funds for voluntary insurance of employees.

6) Expenses associated with the opening of branches and representative offices.

7) The amount of penalties paid to the budget.

50. Audit of the use of profits of a credit institution

The final financial result is determined based on the results of the quarter and year. Every quarter on the last business day of the quarter, the accounts of income and expenses are closed. Balance sheet profit is defined as the difference between actual income and expenses (Shevchuk D.A. Accounting in banks. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2006).

Please note that profit or loss is determined on an accrual basis during the current calendar financial year. At the same time, the profit of one quarter can be reduced or blocked by the loss of the next. At the end of the reporting year, the profit is fully or partially distributed, and the loss is repaid at the expense of available funds. The distribution of profit is carried out in accordance with the accounting policy of the bank and is accounted for on accounts 70501 "Use of profit of the reporting year" and 70502 "Use of profit of previous years". Account management mode 70501 allows you to use it mainly in the following areas: payments to the budget at the expense of the bank's net profit, distribution of net profit remaining after tax. After paying taxes, the remaining profit is distributed to accrual of dividends and deductions to various funds. Undistributed profits of previous years, funds of reserve and other funds of the bank can be directed to cover the losses of the reporting period. At the end of the reporting year, the balance sheet is reformed and the final financial result is determined.

51. Documents for opening an account with a bank and a non-bank credit organization (NCO)

1. The list of documents required for opening a current account, a special bank account for a legal entity:

1. Completed (signed and sealed) application for opening an account

2. A executed bank account agreement (when concluding an agreement that is drawn up on several sheets, the signature of the Client, as well as an authorized employee of the Bank, must be contained on each sheet of the Agreement), tariffs signed on each sheet (in the form of the Bank) in 2 copies.

3. The charter or a document replacing it, and the memorandum of association, if it is provided for by the current legislation - copies certified by a notary or by the body that carries out state registration of legal entities. These copies must contain a note from the head or authorized representative of the Client confirming their validity.

4. A copy of the decision (minutes) on the establishment of a legal entity certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative of the Client.

5. A notarized copy of the state registration certificate. If a legal entity was registered before July 1, 2002, an additional certificate of making an entry in the unified state register of legal entities about a legal entity registered before July 1, 2002 - a copy certified by a notary.

6. In case of making changes and additions to the constituent documents of the organization, notarized copies or copies certified by the registering body of all changes and additions, as well as a notarized copy of the Certificate of making an entry in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities on state registration of changes made to the constituent the documents.

7. A copy of the protocol (decision) of the authorized body of the organization on the appointment of the head, certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative of the Client. In cases where the founding documents contain references to documents that may limit the scope of authority of the head, it is necessary to submit copies of the relevant documents certified by the signature of the head and the seal of the Client (contract with the head, decisions of higher management bodies of the organization, etc.). Instead of submitting these documents, an extract from the contract with the head can be submitted on his right to dispose of the organization's property without restrictions or indicating specific restrictions (or "Statement on the non-conclusion of a contract (agreement)" (standard form ZAYAV / 17 dated 03 .), as well as the "Declaration of authority" (standard form APP/06 dated 2004). - in the form approved by the bank.

8. A copy of the order on appointment of the chief accountant (or other accountant) certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative of the Client. In the absence of a chief accountant or other accountant in the staff of the Client, an Application for acceptance of documents with one first signature is provided (standard form APPLICATION / 9 dated 03 and / or certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative a copy of the order of the head of assigning accounting responsibilities to the head of the Client).

9. Certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative of the Client, copies of powers of attorney (orders) on granting the right of first signature of settlement and cash documents to other persons indicated in the "first signature" field of the bank card.

10. Copies of powers of attorney (orders) certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative of the Client on granting the right of the second signature of settlement and cash documents for the chief accountant to other persons indicated in the "second signature" field of the bank card.

11. A copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authorities, certified by a notary. This copy must contain a mark of the head or authorized representative of the Client confirming its validity.

12. Original or copy of the information letter on USREO registration (statistics codes).

13. Bank card certified by a notary or an authorized employee of the Bank.

14. Questionnaire of a client - a legal entity.

15. Copies of documents proving the identity of the persons named in the card with samples of signatures and seal imprints and the authorized person who submitted the documents for opening an account.

16. Migration card - copy. [The documents specified in clauses 16 and 17 are provided if among the persons with the right of first signature there are foreign citizens (stateless persons).]

17. A document confirming the right of a foreign citizen (stateless person) to reside (stay) in the Russian Federation (visa, temporary residence permit or residence permit) - a copy. [If an international treaty provides for a visa-free regime, then the Client may not have a document confirming the right of a foreign citizen (stateless person) to reside (stay) in the Russian Federation.]

18. Power of Attorney to open an account / to transfer documents for opening an account (if the signing / submission of documents required for opening an account is carried out by a person who is not a manager).

19. Other documents in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation.

In case of opening an account for a separate subdivision of a legal entity, the bank is additionally provided with:

20. A notarized copy of the Regulations on a separate subdivision, containing a note from the head or authorized representative of the Client confirming its validity.

21. A copy of the document on the appointment of the head of a separate subdivision, certified by the signature of an authorized person.

22. Power of attorney for the head of a separate subdivision.

23. A notarized copy of the document on registration with the tax authority as a taxpayer at the location of the separate subdivision.

24. Bank card certified by a notary or an authorized employee of the Bank.

25. Application of a legal entity to open an account for its separate subdivision.

The list of documents required for opening a bank account for an individual entrepreneur:

1. Completed (signed) application for opening an account

3. A notarized copy of the certificate of state registration of an individual as an individual entrepreneur or, if an individual entrepreneur was registered before January 1, 2004, a notarized copy of the certificate of making an entry in the unified state register of individual entrepreneurs about an individual entrepreneur registered until 01

4. A copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authorities, notarized. This copy must contain a mark of the individual entrepreneur or his authorized representative confirming its validity.

5. Bank card certified by a notary or an authorized employee of the Bank.

6. Completed questionnaire of the Client - an individual entrepreneur

7. Copies of documents proving the identity of the persons named in the card with samples of signatures and seal imprints and the authorized person who submitted the documents for opening an account [Documents are certified in the manner prescribed by the bank.].

8. Migration card - copy. [The documents specified in clauses 8 and 9 are provided if the individual entrepreneur is a foreign citizen or a stateless person, or there are foreign citizens (stateless persons) among the persons with the right of first signature.]

9. A document confirming the right of a foreign citizen (stateless person) to reside (stay) in the Russian Federation (visa, temporary residence permit or residence permit) - a copy. [If an international treaty provides for a visa-free regime, then the Client may not have a document confirming the right of a foreign citizen (stateless person) to reside (stay) in the Russian Federation.]

10. Power of Attorney to open an account / to transfer documents for opening an account (if the signing / submission of documents necessary for opening an account is carried out by a person who is not an individual entrepreneur).

11. Other documents in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation.

List of documents required to open a bank account for an arbitration manager [The concept of “arbitration manager” includes the concepts: temporary, external and bankruptcy managers.]:

1. A set in accordance with the list of documents required for opening a current account, a special bank account for a legal entity.

2. The decision of the arbitration court on the appointment of an arbitration manager (a copy certified by the court or notarized). This copy of the court decision must contain a mark of the arbitration manager or his authorized representative confirming its validity.

The list of documents required for opening a savings account by the founders of the legal entity being created:

1. A completed application for opening an account.

2. A completed agreement with the Bank for opening a savings account (according to the Bank's form) (when concluding an agreement, which is drawn up on several sheets, the signature of the Client, as well as an authorized employee of the Bank, must be contained on each sheet of the Agreement) - 2 copies.

3. The original of the minutes of the meeting of founders (if the founder is in one person - the decision) on the establishment of the organization.

4. Draft charter, memorandum of association or agreement on creation (if the memorandum or agreement on establishment is provided for by the current legislation) - originals or notarized copies or copies certified by the person opening the account.

5. In case of opening an account by a legal entity, in addition to the above documents, a set of documents is submitted similar to the set for opening a current account for a legal entity in accordance with the list of documents required for opening a current account, a special bank account for a legal entity, with the exception of the documents specified in clause Items 1 and 2.

6. Copies of documents proving the identity of the founder (individual) entering into the agreement, and the authorized representative (if any) [Documents are certified in the manner prescribed by the bank.].

7. Migration card - copy. [The documents specified in paragraphs 7 and 8 are provided if the founder is a foreign citizen or stateless person.]

8. A document confirming the right of a foreign citizen (stateless person) to reside (stay) in the Russian Federation (visa, temporary residence permit or residence permit). [If an international treaty provides for a visa-free regime, then the Client may not have a document confirming the right of a foreign citizen (stateless person) to reside (stay) in the Russian Federation.]

9. Power of attorney to open an account / to transfer documents for opening an account (if the signing / submission of documents necessary for opening an account is carried out by a person who is not the founder).

10. Completed questionnaire of the Client - an individual (in case of opening an account by the founder - an individual).

The list of documents required to open a bank account for a lawyer operating through a lawyer's office:

1. Completed (signed and stamped) application for opening an account

3. A copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authorities, notarized. This copy must contain a mark of the lawyer or his authorized representative confirming its validity.

4. Bank card certified by a notary or an authorized employee of the Bank.

5. Copies of documents proving the identity of the persons named in the card with samples of signatures and seal imprints and the authorized person who submitted the documents for opening an account [Documents are certified in the manner prescribed by the bank.].

6. A copy of the lawyer's certificate certified by the lawyer or his authorized representative.

7. Completed questionnaire of the Client - an individual in the form approved by the Bank.

8. Power of attorney to open an account / to transfer documents for opening an account (if the signing / submission of documents necessary for opening an account is carried out by a person who is not the founder).

The list of documents required for opening a bank account with a notary:

1. Completed (signed and stamped) application for opening an account

3. License for the right to notarial activities - a notarized copy. At the same time, the copy cannot be certified by the notary who opens the account. This copy of the license must contain a notary's or his authorized representative's mark confirming its validity.

4. Order of the Ministry of Justice on the appointment of a notary - a notarized copy. At the same time, the copy cannot be certified by the notary who opens the account. This copy of the order must contain a notary's or his authorized representative's mark confirming its validity.

5. A copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authorities, notarized. At the same time, the copy cannot be certified by the notary who opens the account. This copy must contain a mark of a notary or his authorized representative confirming its validity.

6. Bank card certified by a notary or an authorized employee of the Bank. At the same time, the bank card cannot be certified by the notary who opens the account.

7. Copies of documents proving the identity of the persons named in the card with samples of signatures and seal imprints and the authorized person who submitted the documents for opening an account.

8. Completed questionnaire of the Client - an individual.

9. Power of Attorney to open an account / to transfer documents for opening an account (if the signing / submission of documents necessary for opening an account is carried out by a person who is not a notary).

10. Other documents in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation.

The list of documents required to open a bank account, a special bank account for a legal entity - a non-resident of the Russian Federation:

1. Completed (signed and stamped) application for opening an account

3. Copies of constituent documents certified by a notary. These copies must contain a note from the head or authorized representative of the Client confirming their validity.

4. A document certifying state registration (or an extract from the trade (bank) register) - a notarized copy, the validity of which is confirmed in writing by a representative of a non-resident.

5. A notarized copy of the permission of the national (central) bank of a foreign state, if such permission is required to open a ruble account in accordance with the legislation of the country of registration of the non-resident. [A copy of the permission of the national (central) bank of a foreign state is required to open an account for non-residents from Belarus, Vietnam, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine. For non-residents from other countries, additional agreement is required with the Legal Support Directorate (if there is a lawyer in the additional office, branch, with the lawyer of the additional office (branch) on the issue of granting such permission.] This copy of the permission must contain a note from the head or authorized representative of the Client confirming it reality.

6. A copy of the protocol (decision) of the authorized body of the organization on the appointment of the head, certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative of the Client. In cases where the founding documents contain references to documents that may limit the scope of authority of the head, it is necessary to submit copies of the relevant documents certified by the signature of the head and the seal of the Client (contract with the head, decisions of higher management bodies of the organization, etc.). Instead of submitting these documents, an extract from the contract with the head can be submitted on his right to dispose of the organization's property without restrictions or indicating specific restrictions (or "Statement on the non-conclusion of a contract (agreement)" (standard form ZAYAV / 17 dated 03 .), as well as the "Declaration of authority" (standard form APP/06 dated 2004). - in the form approved by the bank.

7. A copy of the order on the appointment of the chief accountant (or other accounting employee) certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative of the Client. In the absence of a chief accountant or other accounting employee in the staff of the Client, an Application for acceptance of documents with one first signature (standard form APPLICATION / 9 dated 03) and / or a copy of the order of the head certified by the seal and signature of the head or authorized representative on assigning accounting responsibilities to the head of the Client.

8. Copies of powers of attorney (or orders) certified by the head on granting the right to dispose of funds on the account (or the right to first sign settlement and cash documents) to persons who have the right of first signature in addition to the head.

9. Copies of powers of attorney (or orders) certified by the head on granting the right of the second signature of settlement and cash documents to persons having the right of the second signature in addition to the chief accountant.

10. Bank card certified by a notary or an authorized employee of the Bank.

11. A copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authorities of the Russian Federation, notarized. This copy must contain a note from the head or authorized representative of the Client confirming its validity.

12. Completed application form of the Client - a legal entity in the form approved by the Bank.

13. Copies of documents proving the identity of the persons named in the card with samples of signatures and seal imprints and the authorized person who submitted the documents for opening an account [Documents are certified in the manner prescribed by the bank.].

14. Migration card - copy [The documents specified in clauses 12 and 13 are submitted if among the persons with the right of first signature there are foreign citizens (stateless persons).].

15. A document confirming the right of a foreign citizen (stateless person) to reside (stay) in the Russian Federation (visa, temporary residence permit or residence permit) - a copy. [If an international treaty provides for a visa-free regime, then the Client may not have a document confirming the right of a foreign citizen (stateless person) to reside (stay) in the Russian Federation.]

16. Power of Attorney to open an account / to transfer documents for opening an account (if the signing / submission of documents required for opening an account is carried out by a person who is not a manager).

To open an account in the name of a representative office or branch, in addition to the above documents, the following documents must be submitted to the bank:

17. Notarized copies of documents certifying their registration, and for representative offices - also accreditation.

18. A notarized copy of the regulation on the representative office (branch), the validity of which is confirmed in writing by the representative of the non-resident.

19. A copy of the document on the appointment of the head of a separate subdivision, certified by the signature of an authorized person.

20. Power of attorney for the head of the branch, giving the right to the head of the branch (representative office) to sign the contract and manage the funds on the account (copy certified by the head).

All documents confirming the status of a non-resident and issued outside the Russian Federation must either be legalized at the embassy (consulate) of the Russian Federation abroad or must contain an apostille in accordance with the Hague Convention of 1961. Legalization of documents (apostille) is not required if an international treaty of the Russian Federation Federation, these requirements have been cancelled. All documents must be submitted to the Bank with a translation into Russian, the accuracy of their translation must be certified by a notary of the Russian Federation.

APPLICATION FOR OPENING A SAVINGS ACCOUNT

for the formation of the authorized capital in accordance with the current procedure for state registration of legal entities in the Russian Federation

"____" _______________________ G.

By this application _______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

(for the founder - legal entity: full name of the legal entity, location, bank details; for the founder - individual: full name, passport details, citizenship) asks to open a savings account intended for payment of the authorized capital __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________,

(full name of the organization undergoing state registration) undergoing state registration

Founder ________________________________________

(signature)

▪ -

BANK MARKS

Open savings account No.

DOCUMENTS FOR REGISTRATION OF OPENING ACCOUNT AND PERFORMING OPERATIONS ON THE ACCOUNT CHECKED:

"I ALLOW"

_______________________________________

The employee who performed

legal expertise

application documents

______________ / ___________________ /

(signature) (interpretation of the signature)

BANK (JSC)

_________________/____________________/

(signature) (interpretation of the signature)

Accounting _______________ / ___________________

(signature) (interpretation of the signature)

"______" ______________________________ G.

Savings account opened: executor

______________/___________________/

(signature) (interpretation of the signature)

"___" ________________________ G.

ACCOUNT OPENING APPLICATION

FROM: ________________________________________________________________________

(full and exact name of the legal entity

________________________________________________________________________

/ Full name of the individual entrepreneur (lawyer, notary))

________________________________________________________________________

ADDRESS: _________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

PLEASE OPEN _____________________________________________ (settlement, current currency, etc.),

ACCOUNT IN CURRENCY ____________________________ (specify the currency

PLEASE PROVIDE STATEMENTS TO THE AUTHORIZED PERSONS ON THE NEXT DAY AFTER THE OPERATION IS PERFORMED AT THE REQUEST OF THE AUTHORIZED PERSONS.

OPENING OF ACCOUNT IS CARRIED OUT ON THE BASIS OF THE LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION "ON BANKS AND BANKING ACTIVITIES",

CURRENT INSTRUCTIONS OF THE BANK OF RUSSIA, INTERNAL DOCUMENTS INVESTSBERBANK (OJSC).

WE HAVE READ AND AGREE WITH THE CURRENT TARIFFS OF THE BANK.

WE WILL NOTIFY YOU IN WRITTEN IMMEDIATELY OF ALL CHANGES.

MANAGER: __________________________________________ (position, full name and signature)

CHIEF ACCOUNTANT: _____________________________________ (full name and signature)

M.P.

"___" _______________________ G.

▪ -

BANK MARKS

OPEN AN ACCOUNT

DOCUMENTS FOR REGISTRATION OF OPENING ACCOUNT AND PERFORMANCE OF OPERATIONS ON THE ACCOUNT

Reason: Agreement No. ___________

CHECKED: from "___" ______________

"I ALLOW"

_______________________________________

The employee who performed

legal expertise

application documents

______________ / ___________________ /

(signature) (interpretation of the signature)

BANK (JSC)

_________________/____________________/

(signature) (interpretation of the signature)

Accounting

_______________ / ___________________

(signature) (interpretation of the signature)

"______" ______________________________ G.

Account opened: performer

______________/___________________/

(signature) (interpretation of the signature)

"___" ________________________ G

Note: Issuance of account statements is made in the hands of authorized persons of the client upon their request.

CLIENT QUESTIONNAIRE - LEGAL ENTITY

Full and (if available) abbreviated name, including the name in a foreign language

I undertake to notify you of any changes to the above information. I undertake to provide the Bank with information about all beneficiaries.

/___________________________/_________________________________

(signature) M.P.

_____/______________________200___

(signature transcript) (date)

Note. If any information specified in the form changes, a completed form with new information is submitted to INVESTSBERBANK (OJSC)

Part 2 (To be completed by a Bank employee)

___________________________________________ _______________________________________

(full name, position of the authorized employee, (signature) who filled out the questionnaire)

Information about the Client's representatives - individuals (for Clients who open or already have an account with the Bank - information about the persons indicated in the "First Signature" field of the card with samples of signatures and seal imprints, in other cases - information about representatives acting on behalf of the Client )

I undertake to notify you of any changes to the above information.

/___________________________/_________________________________

(signature) M.P.

_____/______________________200___

(signature transcript) (date)

Note. If any information specified in the form changes, a completed form with new information is submitted to the BANK (OJSC).

Annex 1 to the questionnaire of the Client - a legal entity

Information about the representatives of the Client - legal entities (including information about the management company)

Full and abbreviated name (if the Client's representative is a branch of a legal entity, then the name of the branch and the name of the legal entity - the parent organization)

I undertake to notify you of any changes to the above information.

/________________/ ___________________

(signature) M.P.

____/_____________ 200__

(signature transcript) (date)

Note. Appendix 1 is completed if the Client has representatives - legal entities. If any information specified in the Appendix is changed, completed Appendix 1 with new information is submitted to the BANK (OJSC).

Annex 2 to the questionnaire of the Client - a legal entity

Information about the persons for whose benefit the Client (beneficiaries) acts in the course of banking operations and other transactions (in particular, on the basis of an agency agreement, agency agreements, commissions, trust management)

Information about beneficiaries - legal entities

I undertake to notify you of any changes to the above information.

/________________/ ___________________

(signature) M.P.

____/_____________ 200__

(signature transcript) (date)

Note. Appendix 2 is completed if the Client has legal entities as beneficiaries. If any information specified in Appendix 2 changes, a completed Appendix 2 with new information is submitted to the BANK (OJSC).

Annex 3 to the questionnaire of the Client - a legal entity

Information about beneficiaries - individuals

I undertake to notify you of any changes to the above information.

/________________/ ___________________

(signature) M.P.

____/_____________ 200__

(signature transcript) (date)

Preferably on client's letterhead

POWER OF ATTORNEY

___________________________________________________________________

(place and date of issue in words)

________________________________________________________________________,

(full name of organization)

registered ________________________________________________

(name of body, registration number and date of registration))

___________________________________________________________________

(hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), represented by ______________________________________,

(position, full name)

acting on the basis of __________________________________________,

authorizes ____________________________________________________,

(name in full)

passport: series ________________, No. ________________,

issued by ___________________________________________

(date and name of the authority that issued the passport)

________________________________________________________________________,

negotiate, transfer, receive and sign any documents necessary for opening bank accounts or related to opening accounts (with the exception of the right to sign the following documents: applications for opening accounts, bank account agreements, the Bank's tariffs for settlement and cash services and the Client's questionnaire) , as well as confirm the validity of the transferred copies of documents.

Signature __________________________________ _______________________ I certify.

(full name) (sample signature)

____________________________________________________

(position, name of organization)

_____________________________________________________

(name, signature, seal)

STATEMENT

From _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ (hereinafter referred to as the Organization)

(Full name of the head, position of the head, full name of the organization)

account number

I declare that at the moment, internal documents, decisions of the general meeting of _____________________________________ (participants, shareholders, etc.) and other management bodies of the Organization do not limit the powers of its executive bodies to dispose of the property of the Organization.

In the event of restrictions, I undertake to immediately notify the Bank in writing and submit certified copies of the relevant documents.

In addition, I hereby inform you that the contract (agreement) between the Organization and its __________________________________

(position of the head of the Organization, full name) was not concluded.

Supervisor ________________

(signature)

M. P,

"____" _________________ 200_

"____" ___________ 200__

STATEMENT

Due to the lack of cash settlements and cash at the organization

____________________________________________________________________

Account No.

we do not present the calculation of the cash balance limit.

Supervisor /_____________________/

Chief Accountant /_____________________/

M.P.

STATEMENT

I hereby inform you that the contract (agreement) between ___________________ (name of organization)

and his _______________________________________________________________

(full name, position of the head of the organization)) was not concluded.

Supervisor ________________

(signature)

M. P, "____" _________________ 200_

"____" ___________ 200_

STATEMENT

In connection with the imposition of accounting responsibilities on myself personally, I ask you to accept settlement documents ___________________________________________________________

account number

with one first signature.

Supervisor /_____________________/

M.P.

PAYMENT

to establish a cash balance limit for the enterprise and issue a permit for spending cash from the proceeds received by the cash desk for ___________ year

BANK (JSC)

Name (stamp) of the enterprise ____________________________________

Please allow the proceeds to be spent on: wages and payments of a social nature, the purchase of agricultural products from the population, the purchase of containers and things from the population, travel expenses, the purchase of office supplies and household equipment, payment for urgent repairs, payment for fuels and lubricants, payment of compensation for losses under insurance contracts for individuals .

(Underline whatever applicable)

* In case of sharp changes in revenue or expense, data for the last month is given.

** The amount of revenue (expense) divided by the number of working days (hours) of the enterprise.

*** Newly organized enterprises show the expected amount of revenue (expense).

Head of the enterprise _______________________________

Chief Accountant _______________________________

M.P.

DECISION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BANK

Set a limit in the amount of ____________________________ thousand rubles.

_______________________________________________________________. (Suma in cuirsive)

I authorize the spending of proceeds on: wages and payments of a social nature, the purchase of agricultural products from the population, the purchase of containers and things from the population, travel expenses, the purchase of office supplies and household equipment, payment for urgent repairs, payment for fuels and lubricants, payment of compensation for losses under insurance contracts for individuals .

(Underline whatever applicable)

If an enterprise has a debt to the budget and extra-budgetary funds, the right to spend cash proceeds is canceled, all cash proceeds must be credited to the current account until the debt is fully repaid.

Head of bank institution _________________________

52. Professional and ethical requirements for auditors

The Council on Auditing under the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, in an effort to implement the large-scale task of developing and implementing coordinated and interconnected standards of professional ethics for auditors, has developed, with the active participation of professional audit associations accredited by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, a Code of Ethical Standards for the Professional Activity of Auditors.

The Code recognizes that the purpose of the auditing profession is to operate to the highest standards of professionalism in order to achieve the highest level of efficiency and meet the needs of society.

The Code establishes the rules of conduct for auditors in Russia and defines the basic principles that must be observed by them in the exercise of their professional activities.

The profession of an auditor is socially significant, which implies the recognition of one's responsibility to society. In relation to the professional community of auditors, society includes audited organizations, creditors, government, employers, employees, investors, accredited professional associations of auditors, the business and financial community, and other persons who rely on the objectivity and honesty of auditors in order to ensure the orderly conduct of business. This makes the auditors responsible for the public interest.

The auditor's responsibility is not only to meet the needs of the individual auditee or employer. The public interest has a significant impact on professional auditing standards.

Auditors play an important role in society. Investors, lenders, employers and other members of the business community, as well as the government and the public at large, rely on auditors for competent advice on a variety of financial accounting and reporting, financial management, legal and tax matters. The attitude and behavior of auditors in the process of providing such services affect the economic well-being of society and the state.

Auditors will only be credible if the above services are provided at a level that demonstrates that the public's trust is justified. Auditors around the world are interested in informing users of their services that they are being performed in accordance with ethical and quality requirements designed to ensure the highest professional standards.

The Code recognizes that the main goal of the audit profession is the activity of specialists at the highest professional level, ensuring the quality performance of tasks and meeting the public interest. Achieving this goal requires four basic requirements:

Reliability. In general, society is in need of reliable information and information systems.

Professionalism. Audited organizations, employers and other stakeholders are in need of specialists who are professionals in the field of audit.

Service quality. Confidence is needed that all services provided by the auditor meet the highest quality standards.

Confidence. Individuals who use auditors need to be assured that the services are being provided in accordance with the professional ethical standards that govern them.

To achieve professional goals, the auditor must comply with a number of prerequisites and fundamental principles.

These fundamental principles are:

Honesty. In providing professional services, the auditor should act with integrity and honesty.

Independence. When providing professional services, the auditor should be independent of the audited entities and third parties.

Objectivity. The auditor must be fair, his objectivity should not be affected by prejudice, bias, conflict of interest, other persons or other factors.

Professional competence and due diligence. The auditor provides professional services with due diligence, competence and diligence. It is his responsibility to continually maintain professional knowledge and skills at a high level so that the audited organizations or employers can benefit from competent professional services based on the latest developments in practice, legislation and technology.

Confidentiality. The auditor should maintain the confidentiality of information obtained in the course of providing professional services and should not use or disclose such information without appropriate and specific authority, unless disclosure of such information is dictated by his professional or legal rights or obligations.

professional behaviour. The auditor should act in a manner consistent with the good reputation of the profession and should refrain from any conduct that might discredit it.

regulatory documents. The auditor is required to perform professional services in accordance with applicable professional rules (standards). The auditor is obliged to carefully and skillfully follow the instructions of the audited organization or employer to the extent that they comply with the requirements of honesty, objectivity and independence.

The objectives and fundamental principles of the Code are general in nature and are not aimed at resolving ethical issues facing the auditor in each specific case. However, the Code contains recommendations for the practical achievement of goals and compliance with fundamental principles in a number of typical situations encountered in audit practice.

Honesty means not only truthfulness, but also impartiality and reliability. In accordance with the principle of objectivity, all auditors must act fairly, honestly and without conflicts of interest.

Auditors perform multiple functions and must demonstrate objectivity both in conducting audits and in providing audit-related services.

Regardless of the type of service provided or position held, auditors must be honest and objective in their professional judgments.

Ethical requirements of objectivity arise in different situations, and when resolving them, the following should be taken into account: auditors may find themselves in situations where they may be subjected to pressure that could adversely affect their objectivity; it is not possible to describe all situations in which such pressure may arise, and to give prescriptions for all such cases. When establishing rules at the expense of the auditor's objectivity, common sense should be used; Relationships that allow bias, partiality or the influence of others to the detriment of objectivity should be avoided; auditors are required to require the observance of the principle of objectivity from the personnel involved in the provision of professional services; auditors should not accept or offer gifts or hospitality that can reasonably be expected to have a material and unacceptable influence on their professional judgment or persons with whom they deal. The concept of an excessive gift or hospitality has different interpretations, however, auditors should avoid situations that could compromise their professional reputation.

Resolution of ethical conflicts

From time to time, auditors may find themselves in situations where a conflict of interest arises. Such situations can be of a very different nature: from relatively trivial to the commission of criminal acts and illegal actions. It is impossible even to attempt to compile a complete list of cases in which a conflict of interest may arise. The auditor should keep this in mind and anticipate the possibility of causes leading to a conflict of interest. A difference of opinion between an auditor and another person is not in itself an ethical issue. However, in each case, the parties concerned should analyze all the facts and circumstances.

A number of specific factors may cause the auditor's responsibilities to conflict with various external or internal requirements. For example: there may be a risk of pressure from the immediate supervisor, manager or member of the Board of Directors. Pressure can also come from family or personal relationships. Of course, no relationship or interest should be developed that could adversely affect or compromise the auditor's integrity; the auditor may be asked to act contrary to the rules (standards) of auditing; a situation may arise in which the auditor will have to make a decision as to whether he should be guided by the interests of management or comply with established rules of professional conduct; a conflict may arise in the event of the publication of misleading information that is beneficial to the employer or the audited organization, but does not correspond to the opinion of the auditor.

In the process of applying the rules of ethical conduct, the auditor may need to identify unethical behavior of others or resolve ethical conflicts. In the event of serious ethical issues, the auditor should be guided by the conflict resolution policy of the employing organization. If this does not contribute to the resolution of a particular conflict, then the following possible measures should be considered: discussion of the controversial issue with the immediate superior. If it is not possible to solve the problem with him and the auditor decides to contact the manager at the next higher level, then this should be notified to the immediate supervisor. If the impression is created that the boss is involved in a conflict situation, then the auditor should raise this issue at the next, even higher management level. If the immediate supervisor is the chief executive officer (or holds a similar position), then the issue at a higher level may be considered by the executive body, the board of directors, non-executive members of the board of directors, or shareholders; contacting on a confidential basis an independent consultant, professional audit associations accredited by the Ministry of Finance of Russia or the Council for Auditing Activities under the Ministry of Finance of Russia in order to obtain clarifications regarding possible courses of action; if, despite consideration at all levels within the organization, the conflict is not resolved, then when it comes to material issues (for example, fraud), as a last resort, the auditor may have no choice but to refuse to audit, and if the need to bring information to the attention of authorized external organizations, such as law enforcement or regulatory authorities.

Any auditor in a senior position should strive to implement a conflict resolution policy in the organization that hired him.

Professional Competence

Auditors should not exaggerate their knowledge and experience.

Professional competence can be divided into two independent stages:

Achievement of professional competence. To achieve professional competence, it is initially necessary to obtain a higher general education, followed by special education, training and examinations in major subjects, and then practical work.

Maintaining professional competence at the proper level:

(1) to maintain professional competence at the proper level, it is necessary to constantly monitor developments in the audit field, including national and international information on financial reporting, auditing and other relevant legal and regulatory requirements;

(2) in the process of providing services, the auditor should be guided by the accepted rules (standards) of audit activity, a standard program for checking compliance with license requirements and conditions, as well as established requirements for the quality of work;

(3) annually improve their qualifications in accordance with the programs adopted by the Audit Council under the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Confidentiality

Auditors are required to maintain the confidentiality of information about the economic activities of the audited organization and the employer, obtained in the process of providing professional services. The duty of confidentiality continues even after the end of the relationship between the auditor and the auditee or employer.

The auditor must always maintain confidentiality except where special authority has been granted to disclose information or where there is a legal or professional duty to disclose such information.

Auditors are required to ensure that the principle of confidentiality is respected by employees working under their supervision and by persons providing services and advice.

Confidentiality not only means a duty to keep information from being disclosed, but also includes a requirement for an auditor who receives information in the course of performing professional services not to use that information for personal purposes or for the benefit of a third party.

The auditor has access to a large amount of confidential information about the business of the audited organization or employer, which is not available to the public under other circumstances. In this regard, it is necessary to be sure that the auditor, in the absence of authority, will not disclose information to third parties. This does not apply to disclosure of information for the proper performance of the auditor's professional duties in accordance with the requirements of applicable law.

The main professional confidentiality requirements include non-disclosure of information of the following nature: information about the facts, events and circumstances of a citizen's private life that make it possible to identify his personality (personal data), with the exception of information to be disseminated in the media in cases established by federal laws; information constituting the secret of the investigation and legal proceedings; official information, access to which is restricted by public authorities in accordance with federal laws and regulations (official secret); information related to professional activities, access to which is limited in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws (medical, audit, notarial, lawyer secrets, correspondence, telephone conversations, postal items, telegraphic or other messages, and so on); information related to commercial activities, access to which is restricted in accordance with federal laws and regulations (commercial secret); information about the essence of an invention, utility model or industrial design before the official publication of information about them.

Disclosure of information by the auditor is carried out in cases expressly provided for by the current legislation of the Russian Federation. If there is no direct indication of the disclosure of information by the current legislation, then information can be disclosed with the appropriate permission of the owner of the information, and, if necessary, the regulatory authorities that ensure its confidentiality.

When considering the possibility of disclosing confidential information, the following should be considered:

Permission to disclose. If there is permission from the audited organization or employer to disclose information, the interests of all parties, including third parties whose interests may also be affected, and other persons responsible for confidential information, should be taken into account.

Secrecy requirements.

If the auditor has made a decision on the possibility of disclosing information, then it is necessary to consider the following: the existence and degree of reliability of all relevant facts; if there are unconfirmed facts and opinions, professional judgment should be used in determining the nature of disclosure (if necessary); the nature of the expected message and its addressee. In particular, the auditor should have confidence that the parties to whom the communication is sent are the proper recipients to act on it, and whether or not the auditor will be legally responsible for the communication and its consequences. In all such situations, the auditor should seek legal advice, if necessary.

tax practice

An auditor providing tax services is obliged to offer interpretations of tax legislation. These services are provided with professional competence, which fully guarantees the honesty and objectivity of the auditor's report.

The auditor should not assure the audited organization that the conclusions and recommendations prepared by him cannot be challenged, the opinion expressed by him should not be taken as an established fact.

An auditor who checks the correctness of the formation of the taxable base, the calculation and payment of taxes, and also prepares or assists in the preparation of a tax return, should inform the audited organization that the responsibility for the content of the declaration lies with the audited organization. The auditor should take the necessary measures to ensure that his opinions and recommendations are properly prepared on the basis of the information received.

For the purpose of subsequent storage, all tax recommendations made by the audited entity regarding possible consequences should be documented.

The auditor should not participate in the process of preparing opinions that may be reasonably believed to: contain a false or misleading statement; contain statements or information presented irresponsibly or without due knowledge of its veracity; omit or misrepresent mandatory information that may mislead the tax authorities.

The auditor may prepare tax returns using estimated data if such use is generally accepted or if, under the circumstances, it is not possible to obtain accurate information. The auditor should be satisfied that, in the circumstances, the use of estimates is reasonable.

When preparing tax reporting, the auditor may rely on information provided by the audited organization, provided that such information is reasonable. However, he should, when appropriate, obtain additional documents. In addition, the auditor: must use the tax returns of the audited organization for previous years; make the necessary inquiries when the information received appears to him to be incorrect or incomplete; should receive information from accounting registers and primary documents.

When the auditor discovers a material error or omission in a tax return for any prior year (which may or may not have been related) or the failure to file a return, the auditor must: immediately inform the auditee of the error or omission and recommend information from the tax authorities. Usually the auditor is not required to inform the tax authorities, and he cannot do this without permission; If the error is not corrected by the audited entity, the auditor:

(1) is obliged to inform the audited organization about the impossibility of continuing to work with this declaration or other related information sent to government bodies;

(2) decide for himself the question of whether any further cooperation with the audited organization will be consistent with his professional duties; if the auditor decides that it is possible to continue professional cooperation with the audited organization, all reasonable measures should be taken to prevent similar errors in subsequent tax reporting.

Auditing activities carried out outside the territory of Russia

When applying ethical requirements in the context of audit activities carried out outside the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as carried out in the territory of the Russian Federation in relation to a foreign legal entity - non-resident, the auditor's performance of his functions should not be affected by the fact whether he is a member of an audit association only in Russia or also in the country where the service is provided.

An auditor certified in Russia may live in another country or temporarily stay there for the purpose of providing professional services. Under any circumstances, the auditor is obliged to perform professional functions in accordance with the rules (standards) of auditing and ethical requirements.

When the auditor provides services outside of Russia and if there are discrepancies in any aspects between the ethical requirements of both countries, he is guided by the following provisions: if the ethical requirements in the country of provision of services are less stringent than those provided for by this Code, then the latter should be applied.

When bringing information to the attention of a certain or indefinite circle of persons, as well as in the process of marketing and promoting their candidatures and services, auditors: must refrain from using techniques and methods that may discredit the profession; should not exaggerate their inherent qualifications, experience or the types of services they can provide; must not speak disparagingly of the work of other auditors.

In the interests of society and in accordance with the requirements of this Code, all auditors and audit organizations must be independent of the audited organizations and third parties.

Auditors are required to maintain their independence, given the environment in which they work, the existence of threats to their independence and the availability of safeguards to eliminate such threats or reduce them to an acceptable level.

During the period of the audit, the auditors and the audit organization should be independent of the audited organization. The engagement period starts from the moment the audit organization begins to provide audit services and ends at the time of signing the conclusion on the results of the audit. If reviews are expected to be repeated in the future, the engagement period ends upon notification by either party that the contractual (professional) relationship between the parties has ended.

An auditor providing professional services to an audited organization assumes responsibility for their conscientious and objective provision. This is achieved through the application of professional knowledge and experience that the auditor accumulates in the process of professional development and professional activities. For the provision of services to the auditor, remuneration is due.

As a general rule, the fee is calculated based on the respective hourly or daily rates and the amount of time spent by each of the persons involved in the provision of services in the provision of professional services. Appropriate rates are set by the auditor, but they must be reasonable.

The expansion of the organization's activities often leads to the establishment of branches or subsidiaries in places where the auditor providing services to the organization does not have his own practice. In such circumstances, the auditee may request that another auditor provide professional services.

Conducted advertising and offer of services must be carried out in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On Advertising".

When providing information on the amount of revenue from the provision of professional services, audit firms should disclose data that can be properly substantiated.

The auditor must be loyal to both his employer and his profession. There are cases when these duties come into conflict with each other (Shevchuk D. A. Civil process. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2006).

53. Methods and techniques of auditing

Audit means an independent examination and analysis of the financial statements of enterprises, banks, organizations, institutions and other subjects of market relations.

The purpose of the audit is to establish the reality, completeness and reliability of the reporting, its compliance with the current legislation, as well as the requirements for accounting and financial reporting.

Persons who check the state of the financial and economic activities of companies, firms, institutions and other commercial structures are called auditors. The auditor can work independently or as a representative of an audit firm.

Audits of banks are most often carried out by special audit firms. During the audit, in addition to their main task - drawing up an audit report, auditors also carry out consulting activities (on business, accounting, internal control, taxation and other issues), which brings them a significant part of their income. It is not uncommon for a bank or a credit institution to cooperate with several auditors or audit firms at once. The firm, which is the most famous and authoritative, "certifies" all the official statements of the bank and draws up an audit report. Other firms provide consulting assistance and are invited to solve specific specialized tasks (most often these are tax optimization, cost and profitability analysis of the bank, verification of individual internal divisions of the bank).

In Russia, the process of forming a network of audit firms began in 1987. In 1992, the Congress of Auditors (which was held jointly with the Congress of Business Circles) was attended by representatives of 180 Russian audit firms. Of course, the market for audit services is only in its infancy. However, there were circumstances that significantly hindered its development: the audit was not fixed by law; audit examinations were obligatory only for joint ventures and commercial banks. Because of this, the demand for audit services was negligible.

In 1993, the first step was taken towards the creation of a legislative framework and the organization of auditing activities, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On Auditing Activities in the Russian Federation" (dated December 22, 1993 No. 2263) approved the Provisional Rules for Auditing Activities in the Russian Federation, which determined the legal basis for audit as an independent non-departmental financial control. Currently, most of the economic entities are required to undergo an annual audit (in particular, to receive an audit report of the established form, and to publish annually statements certified by an audit firm, all commercial banks are required to).

Due to the specifics of the activities of banks and other credit institutions, the Order of the Central Bank of Russia dated March 18, 1996 N 02-71 approved the "Temporary Regulations on Auditing Activities in the Banking System of the Russian Federation", which explains the specifics of conducting and sets standards for conducting a banking audit .

Auditing can be mandatory and proactive. At the same time, a mandatory audit is carried out in cases expressly established by acts of the legislation of the Russian Federation, and an initiative one - by decision of an economic entity.

The most important condition for the development of a civilized audit services market is the appropriate level of auditor training. The auditor must have an impeccable reputation and high qualifications. In accordance with the above Decree, all individuals engaged in auditing activities are required to undergo certification for the right to carry out these activities.

Due to the high responsibility that the auditor assumes when drawing up the audit report, high requirements are imposed on the certification of auditors. Certification is carried out on the basis of educational and methodological centers for training and retraining of auditors, determined in agreement with the Audit Commission under the President of the Russian Federation, on the proposal of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Information about these educational and methodological centers is published in the central press organs and local press organs of those regions in whose territories they operate. All individuals who wish to engage in audit activities in the field of banking audit independently or as part of an audit firm undergo attestation.

Persons who have an economic or legal (higher or secondary specialized) education, as well as work experience on a permanent basis for at least three of the last five years in the banking system as an auditor, specialist of an audit firm, accountant, economist, auditor, head of an enterprise , researcher or teacher in economics.

The activities of banks are specific. They work primarily with borrowed funds, including funds from the public. This circumstance calls for special control over the activities of banks by the state represented by the Bank of Russia over the legality of their operations and their financial position.

The legal norms governing the activities of the Bank of Russia (the Law on the Central Bank of Russia) and commercial banks (the Law on Banks and Banking) determined the supervisory authorities, including mandatory independent control of banks - audit.

Audit checks are characterized by complexity, independence, as well as the development of positive recommendations in the interests of the founders of the bank.

Bank audit, like audit in general, is divided into external and internal.

External audit is carried out, as already noted, by independent audit firms; its main purpose is. confirmation of the reliability of financial statements.

It includes a set of bank plans, methods and procedures used within it to protect assets, increase profits, and ensure that the instructions of the bank's management are strictly followed.

Internal audit is organizationally presented as a structural subdivision of the bank and reports to the head of the bank. The tasks of internal audit can be varied: checking the correctness of accounting; verification of the correctness of maintaining accounts for the expenses and income of the bank (the legitimacy of attributing expenses to certain items, the legality of the generated profit, the timeliness of writing off expenses on accounts, etc.); verification of the legality of certain operations, etc. For the organization and conduct of internal audit, it is recommended to develop methodological guidelines or instructions that should determine the process of control in this area of work. Internal audit is carried out in accordance with the approved annual plans. The audit manager is fully responsible for the entire organization and conduct of the audit.

Internal audit can be seen as an integral part of the overall management control system. Historically, the nature of internal controls has varied. Initially, the role of the audit came from the tasks of financial management and ensuring the safety of assets and carried total control at a detailed level. With the increasing complexity of control, the focus has shifted to confirming the completion of cycles of certain intra-system control procedures. Subsequently, the attention of auditors began to focus not only on how the control and information processing systems function, but also how effective they are in achieving the goals for which they are intended, and what improvements can be made to them.

Recently, in many organizations, the role of internal audit has been expanded to include an assessment of the quality of information issued by the management information system and forming the basis for decision-making, as well as an assessment of the usefulness of the information analysis methodology used. Internal auditors would prefer this trend to increase and they would be perceived as experts in the field of independent managerial control activities.

Based on foreign experience, internal auditors conduct an independent expert assessment of the management functions of a firm, company, etc., including their own activities. They provide their parent office with analysis, evaluations, recommendations, advice and information about the activities of the organization they audit. Internal auditors work in both the public and private sectors. The objective of internal audit is to help relevant employees perform their duties as efficiently and effectively as possible. The internal auditor checks the accounting information and its reliability. Internal auditors report to senior management and usually have direct links to the audit committee, board of directors, and other management units.

At present, bank internal audit, due to the lack of a sufficient methodological and regulatory framework, can use the previously existing instructions for auditing banks to control a number of traditional bank operations.

External banking audit is built in accordance with the Regulations on Auditing Activities in the Banking System of Russia.

The cost of audit services is determined by an agreement concluded by audit firms with banks. The contract can be concluded both for a one-time inspection and for audit services for a certain period of time.

When performing its work in accordance with the Regulations on Auditing Activities in the Banking System of Russia, an audit company (organization) has the right to: receive from the heads of banks and other credit institutions all documents related to the activities of banks; attend general meetings of founders (shareholders) of banks, board meetings when discussing any issue that falls within the competence of auditors; require from any employee of the audited bank such information and explanations as are necessary for the auditors to perform their work; check at any time all primary accounting documents of the controlled bank.

The audit company (organization) is obliged to provide an objective audit report: on the reliability of the bank's balance sheet data as of the date of the report; on the compliance of accounting with the requirements of regulatory documents; on the bank's compliance with the banking legislation of the Russian Federation; on the compliance of the results of the financial and economic activities of the bank with its reporting; on the correctness of the declaration of taxable income; about abuse. If they are identified, provide information to law enforcement and financial authorities and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

An auditing firm may not confirm the bank's financial statements if: during the audit, serious shortcomings are found; auditors were pressured; there is no way to establish the reliability of reporting.

All the nuances are indicated in the auditor's report. In such cases, the founders and managers of the bank are obliged, within a month from the date of drawing up the audit report, to eliminate the identified shortcomings and circumstances that hinder the confirmation of the statements, and submit the corrected report again for consideration by the audit firm.

If minor deficiencies are identified that have not caused damage to the interests of the state, depositors and founders of a commercial bank, the audit firm confirms the statements, indicating in the audit report the nature of the identified deficiencies.

The heads of audit firms and auditors are responsible for confirming the accounts of banks in the manner prescribed for officials who have the right to sign accounting documents.

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation and its institutions, as well as other state regulatory bodies within their competence determined by law, have the right to check the activities of banking audit companies (organizations) and auditors.

In the event of repeated poor-quality auditing, concealment of facts of violations by commercial banks of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank has the right to revoke the license to conduct banking audits, after which the annual reports of commercial banks with audit reports issued by audit firms and auditors deprived of licenses are not accepted by institutions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation .

Upon detection of an unqualified audit that resulted in losses for the state or for another economic entity, by a court decision or at the suit of the Arbitration Court brought by the authority that issued the license, the auditor or audit firm may be charged: incurred losses; the cost of re-checking; a fine in the amount established by the relevant legislation.

External audit is interconnected with internal audit. First of all, the organization and effectiveness of internal control are evaluated. At the same time, the following are established: the degree of objectivity of internal audit; independence; competence; scope of functions performed.

Auditors study all the activities of the audited bank. For an objective assessment, it is necessary first of all to consider the state of active and passive operations, which should: be genuine; be properly assessed; be correctly reflected in the financial statements; comply with legal requirements for these operations. 2. 2. Audit risks

The activities of the auditor are planned in detail by the head of the audit firm. Distinguish between strategic planning and detailed planning.

Strategic planning involves determining: the scope of work based on knowledge and experience; identification of risks; waiting for customers (firms, banks).

The combined audit knowledge and experience makes it possible to assess the auditor's workload and the auditor's degree of risk in auditing a given bank. Usually, the following types of risks are distinguished in the methodological literature:

1) the risk of the professional ability of the auditor. It is determined by a strict approach to the choice of the audited company, taking into account its reputation (decency, honesty of the company, the degree of risk of operations performed by this bank). Undertaking to check a particular company, the audit company first of all pays attention to its reputation. Thus, the audit of this firm should not be detrimental to the audit firm and its clients;

2) the risk of client expectations - the risk of not being satisfied with the conclusions of your client. In cases where the client is not satisfied with the audit, he may subsequently refuse the services of this audit company;

3) audit risk - the audit report may be incorrect.

In today's new business environment, the most "dangerous" for the auditor are the risks of the first group, although audit firms currently pay the least attention to them. The loss of reputation of an audit firm will inevitably lead to the loss of most of the clients, both new and old, in addition, this may lead to the termination of the license for the right to practice auditing. Therefore, for a modern audit firm, the "struggle for the client" has its own specifics. According to the author, the signing of a contract for audit services and the emergence of a new client with an audit firm should be preceded by an "express audit" (preliminary acquaintance with a potential client).

Audit risks are divided into: inherent risks; control risks; the risk of errors.

Inherent risks are risks inherent in the very nature of the activities of a bank or firm. The work of the bank is characterized by a large number of operations performed during the reporting period. The greater the number of operations, the greater the possibility of errors. Therefore, it is important to identify a significant error that leads to a change (distortion) in financial results. An error of 100 million rubles. - significant or not? It is significant, for example, in relation to the bank's income equal to 1 billion rubles. and not significant in relation to 1 trillion. rub.

For example, the bank's income amounted to 50 million rubles, therefore, the error is less than half a percent of the total income and can be considered insignificant. However, if the bank's income amounted to 000 million rubles, then such an error would radically change the financial statements, and the bank could move from a profitable one to a loss-making one.

Control risks. The accounting of the client (bank) contains certain control systems. With a good control system, control risks are lower, with a bad one, they are higher.

For example, the balance sheet can be considered as one of the control systems for determining the correct posting of bank transactions to accounting accounts. If the turnovers are correctly calculated, then the balances at the end of the day converge. Consequently, all transactions are reflected both in debit and credit accounts.

Error detection risk means that not all errors can be detected by certain audit techniques. If the error is not detected, then it may affect the further activities of the bank.

Thus, during strategic planning, the current control system of the client is studied and the risk of errors is determined.

If at this stage it is determined that the audit risk is high, the audit firm concludes that this client has a large amount of work to do when confirming the report.

So, the auditor has determined the scope of work and now proceeds to the choice of methods or techniques of audits.

The choice of verification method is determined by the reputation of the bank and possible auditor satisfaction (ie, confidence in the quality of the verification). When choosing a verification method, there are: control methods; analytical techniques; detailed study of operations.

The control methods include: the quality of control by the bank's management; availability of computer control systems; physical control, i.e. verification of assets in kind (bank notes, securities, etc.).

Analytical techniques include: sending letters to customers to confirm the loan amount or account balance; studying, for example, the rate of growth or decline in operations, income of the current and previous year.

Control and analytical techniques are quick and less labor intensive, but provide less auditor satisfaction. Detailed study includes: verification of accounting documents; actual verification of transactions; checking accounting; comparison of accounting records with documents (as well as accounting records, documents and actual data on mutually related operations); cross checks.

In the process of checking accounting documents, the legality and correctness of the operations are established, the authenticity of documents, the correctness of the calculations contained in them, and the validity of accounting entries are verified. At the same time, a complete verification of documents for the most complex and responsible operations, which are subject to abuse, is not excluded. For example, cash, currency, deposit, interest, commission, guarantee transactions. It is advisable to carry out a complete check of documents for operations that are not related to the execution of customer orders and therefore are not controlled by them. Such documents include documents on intra-bank operations on the income and expenses of the bank, the formation of its authorized fund. In all other cases, a selective method of checking documents is appropriate. When using it, you can avoid reducing the reliability and distorting the real state of affairs if you make the right selection of documents.

The selection of documents is done over a relatively long period of time, during which possible violations could be repeated. It is not recommended to select documents for separate days of any period for verification.

Documents are checked both in terms of the legality of the transactions reflected in them, and in terms of the correctness of their execution, that is, the use of established forms of forms, the correct indication of the account numbers of payers and recipients of money, dates of transactions.

Expenditure cash documents are checked especially carefully. As a random check, it is advisable to compare individual copies of sets of documents that are in the bank and with customers. At the same time, it is possible to identify cases of violations and abuses, use fictitious copies of instructions and their copies. To check documents, logical analysis is used, a study aimed at identifying internal contradictions in the documents themselves, the nature of payments based on the real credit resources of the bank. For this, in particular, the following methods are used: the relationship of documents, cross checks.

The actual verification is carried out in order to establish the reality, i.e. the validity of the transactions. It is carried out according to documents, accounting of the bank, its shareholders and clients, in financial authorities. The receipt and issuance of money and material values is established by means of a survey or on the basis of certificates of legal entities and individuals. The actual performance of paid work, purchased fixed assets and equipment is checked by inspecting the object in kind, establishing the consumption of materials and money for wages. Paid services are also checked in kind for the relevant objects. According to the records of clients and correspondent banks, it is checked whether there are fictitious ones among the existing accounts.

By reconciling accounting records with documents, their validity in accounting is established.

For example, the sale of documentary securities (shares, bonds) should be accounted for off-balance sheet accounts as an expense of blank securities. It is also reflected in balance sheet accounts, as cash receipts at the cash desk, or as an increase in funds on the bank's correspondent account in case of non-cash transfers. The incoming cash order must correspond to the amount of the value of the securities sold for cash.

Detailed study of operations is the most time-consuming, but gives the greatest auditor satisfaction.

The choice of one method or another depends on the degree of risk determined by the level of work of the given bank.

An express or pre-audit should always be present when an audit firm has a new client. As practice shows, those audit firms that consider the acquisition and maintenance of long-term, regular customers as a strategic direction develop most successfully and dynamically. In the short term, it is more important for an audit firm to retain old customers than to attract new ones. Here, work according to the principle - "an old friend is better than two new ones" is most appropriate. Therefore, when attracting a new client, before establishing official relations with him, and even better before starting negotiations, it is necessary to obtain as much information about him as possible and analyze how the appearance of a new client will affect the already established clientele of the audit firm.

This is especially important when conducting a bank audit. At present, in the conditions of the formation of the banking system and the rapid growth of competition in the banking environment, it is quite rare that two large banks or banks from different "friendly" groups would be serviced by one audit company. Therefore, it is important to understand whether the emergence of a new bank will lead to the loss of a large bank or a group of banks.

When conducting a preliminary audit, the auditor must obtain information about the client on the following issues: the founders of the bank; the circle of the bank's partners with whom it works most actively; information about the heads of the bank; the possibility of issuing a positive audit report, that is, the absence of gross violations and abuses in the work of the bank.

A feature of the express audit is the limited time and the insufficient number of documents that you have to work with. Therefore, the most trained and experienced auditors are involved in the express audit, who are able to present the state of affairs in the bank in a short time and identify all significant violations in the bank.

It is far from always possible to go directly to the audit object before the start of the audit, and even more so to receive the necessary primary documents from the client. Therefore, the ability of the auditor to analyze the official bank statements, which can be obtained from the press, brochures and other sources, is of great importance.

The most informative and meaningful are the balance sheets of a commercial bank. The following section provides an approximate methodology that can be used in balance sheet analysis in order to track the main trends in the development of a commercial bank. 3. 2. Bank balance

The balance sheet of a commercial bank is a balance sheet that reflects the state of the bank's own and borrowed funds and their placement in credit and other active operations. According to the balance sheet, control is exercised over the formation and placement of monetary resources, the state of credit, settlement, cash and other banking operations, including operations with securities.

The balance sheets of commercial banks are the main part of their reporting. Their analysis allows you to control the liquidity of the bank, improve the management of banking activities. The management of banks, using the reports of other banks, gets acquainted with the state of affairs in them when establishing correspondent relations, granting loans, etc. Bank balance sheets are built according to a unified form. The degree of detail of operations is limited by trade secrets, which are typical for the practice of commercial banks operating in a competitive environment. At the same time, the reliability and visibility of the balance sheet must be ensured so as not to undermine the confidence of customers.

Bank balance sheets are commercial media, they meet its basic requirements: efficiency, specificity, solidity. The efficiency of the bank balance sheet is manifested in its daily compilation. The bank balance sheet is a source of specific information about the availability of funds and solvency, credit resources and their placement, the reliability and stability of the bank itself. Bank accounting meets the requirements of reliability (solidity).

When constructing bank balance sheets, the principles of grouping transactions according to economically homogeneous features and with a decreasing, as a rule, liquidity of items for an asset and a decreasing degree of demand for funds for liabilities are used.

Accounts of the nomenclature of the balance sheet of banks are divided into balance and off-balance. Balance accounts are active, passive and active-passive (hereinafter referred to as the old chart of accounts). Funds on passive accounts are the bank's resources for lending and other banking operations. The debt on active accounts shows the use (direction) of these resources. The passive accounts reflect the bank's funds, funds of enterprises and organizations, individuals, state budget revenues, deposits, funds in settlements, bank profits, accounts payable, other liabilities and attracted funds, including refinancing amounts received from other banks. Active accounts include cash in the bank's cash departments, short-term and long-term loans, state budget expenditures, capital investment costs, receivables, other assets and diverted funds.

Off-balance accounts show the movement of valuables and documents received by banks for storage, collection or commission. This also includes stamps of state duty payment, forms of strict accountability, forms of shares, shares on behalf, documents on a letter of credit, other documents and valuables.

All balance sheet accounts are divided into first-order accounts - enlarged, synthetic accounts, and second-order accounts - detailed, analytical accounts.

All balance sheet accounts of commercial banks are grouped according to the principle of economically homogeneous content and, to some extent, liquidity. The nomenclature of off-balance sheet accounts is four-digit, off-balance sheet accounts are grouped in the x section.

In the process of analyzing the bank's balance sheet, especially its liquidity, it is important to determine the size of own funds. The bank's own funds are defined as the sum of all its funds (statutory, reserve, special, etc.), commercial risk insurance reserves, own funds intended to finance capital investments, bank profits, and own funds in settlements. Thus, the amount of the bank's own funds (gross) is determined

The concept of own funds (gross) is wider than the concept of own funds (net) due to the inclusion of diverted (capitalized) funds (for example, reserves in the Central Bank). Immobilization processes reduce the profitability and liquidity of banking operations. Therefore, the causes that cause such immobilization should be identified and eliminated.

The correct determination of the indicator of the bank's own resources plays a paramount role in the analysis of the liquidity of the bank's balance sheet, since on the basis of this indicator liquidity standards are set, used by the Central Bank in order to control and regulate the activities of commercial banks.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the bank's own funds, considered as credit resources, should include the debit balance on the correspondent account, the difference between the bank's income and expenses (for intra-quarter dates), economic incentive funds and, at the same time, take into account their decrease in the amount of bank transactions for the purchase of securities, as well as the excess of the amounts transferred by the bank to supplier enterprises for factoring operations over the amounts of funds reimbursed by payers.

Distinctive features of the balance sheets of commercial banks are the relatively small share of own funds and the predominance of short-term resources in liabilities. In conditions when the legislation provides for a certain ratio between own and borrowed resources, commercial banks, as a rule, keep their own funds at the minimum allowable level. At the same time, short-term resources are the main source of coverage for active operations. The share of capital investments in the assets of commercial banks is small.

When grouping balance sheet items, taking into account the degree of liquidity, the following assets are distinguished:

1) Cash assets (cash, reserves in the Central Bank, funds in a correspondent account with the RCC), funds in other commercial banks, securities. The items in this section reflect "primary reserves" in terms of liquidity.

2) Investments in securities, commercial bills, government securities of government organizations, local authorities, etc. Some of these assets can be quickly converted into cash with little risk of loss and therefore constitute "secondary reserves". These assets include short-term commercial bills issued by first-class creditworthy borrowers, which are sold on the money market (refinancing), GKO, OGSS, OGVVZ. This section includes items associated with minimal risk and approaching liquid assets - securities issued for a period of one to five years.

3) Loans issued to enterprises, organizations, as well as individual borrowers (tenants, peasant farms, etc.), other commercial banks. These balance sheet assets are classified as low-liquid investments, since banks bear the risks of their timely repayment and transformation into first-class liquid funds.

4) Capital investments - investment in movable and immovable property, creation of branches, joint ventures, etc.

The grouping of balance sheet items in terms of the economic essence of banking operations can be done as follows:

1) Clientele transactions, including all types of lending and fundraising transactions.

2) Interbank transactions. In assets and liabilities, they cover all transactions with banks, including medium-term and long-term ones. Liquid items prevail among them in assets.

3) Other banking operations, which mainly include investments in securities, including short-term liquid securities. This group includes active operations of commercial banks. In liabilities, raising funds in the form of bonded loans.

BALANCES of commercial banks are used to analyze and manage the activities of banking institutions, determine their liquidity indicators, manage banking risks, factor analysis of banking profits. In the new conditions of banking, the balance sheet of a commercial bank is not only a means of accounting, but also a means of commercial information, bank management, as well as a means of serious advertising for potential customers seeking to deeply and professionally understand the activities of the bank. The increased interest of the banks themselves in the analysis of their economic and financial activities is associated with a change in their status, the transformation from management bodies into specific commercial institutions.

The balance is considered liquid if its condition allows, due to the rapid sale of funds on the asset, to cover urgent liabilities on the liability. The ability to quickly convert the bank's assets into cash to fulfill its obligations is predetermined by a number of factors, among which the decisive factor is the compliance of the timing of the placement of funds with the timing of attracting resources. In other words, what is the liability for the term, so should the asset be; then a balance is ensured in the balance between the amount and term of the release of funds on the asset in cash and the amount and term of the forthcoming payment on the bank's obligations.

The liquidity of a bank's balance sheet is affected by the structure of its assets: the greater the share of first-class liquid funds in total assets, the higher the bank's liquidity. In international practice, the most liquid part of the assets is considered to be cash on hand, which means not only money on hand, but also money on the current account of a given credit institution with the Central Bank. Liquid items in developed countries are first-class short-term commercial bills that the bank can rediscount in the Central Bank, government-guaranteed securities. Bank investments in long-term securities are less liquid, since their realization in a short period of time is not always possible. Long-term loans and investments in real estate are considered as hard-to-liquid assets.

In addition, the bank's liquidity depends on the degree of risk of individual active operations: the greater the share of high-risk assets in the bank's balance sheet, the lower its liquidity. So, in the current practice, it is customary to attribute cash to reliable assets, and long-term investments of banks to high-risk ones. The degree of creditworthiness of the bank's borrowers has a significant impact on the timely repayment of loans and thus on the liquidity of the bank's balance sheet: the greater the share of high-risk loans in the bank's loan portfolio, the lower its liquidity. Liquidity also depends on the structure of balance sheet liabilities. And, ceteris paribus, an increase in the share of demand deposits and a decrease in the share of term deposits reduces bank liquidity. The reliability of deposits and loans received by the bank from other credit institutions also affects the liquidity level of the balance sheet.

It should be emphasized that in order to maintain its stability, a bank must have a certain liquid reserve to meet unforeseen obligations, the emergence of which may be caused by a change in the state of the money market, the financial situation of a client or a partner bank.

The liquidity of the bank's balance sheet is assessed by calculating special indicators that reflect the ratio of assets and liabilities, the structure of assets. In international banking practice, liquidity ratios are most often used for these purposes. The latter represent the ratio of various assets of the balance sheet of a credit institution with certain liabilities or, conversely, liabilities with assets. Usually, short-term and medium-term liquidity ratios are used to assess liquidity; they are calculated as the ratio of short-term liquid assets or medium-term assets to corresponding maturity liabilities. In a number of countries, banks are required to maintain liquidity ratios not below a certain level, called the liquidity ratio.

Liquidity norms in some countries are established by banking and currency control authorities, in others - by banking legislation; their value is determined taking into account the accumulated experience and specific local conditions. The assessment of the bank's liquidity level is achieved by comparing the value of the liquidity ratios of a particular bank with the established norms. Maintaining liquidity at the required level is carried out through the implementation of a certain policy of the bank in the field of passive and active operations, developed taking into account the specific conditions of the money market, specifics, clientele, features of operations performed, opportunities to enter new markets and develop banking services.

The liquidity of a bank underlies its solvency. Solvency is interpreted as the ability of the bank to meet its obligations in due time and in full. However, it depends not only on the liquidity of the balance sheet, but also on a number of other factors. These include: the political and economic situation in the country or region, the state of the money market, the possibility of refinancing at the Central Bank, the development of the securities market, the existence and perfection of collateral and banking legislation, the security of the bank's own capital, the reliability of customers and partner banks, the level management in the bank, specialization and variety of banking services of this credit institution and other factors. At the same time, these factors directly or indirectly affect the liquidity of the bank's balance sheet.

The central banks of countries with a developed market economy regulate the solvency of commercial banks by setting limits on bank liabilities, limiting the debt of one borrower, introducing special control over the issuance of large loans, creating a system for refinancing commercial banks and obligatory reservation of part of the funds raised, pursuing an interest rate policy and carrying out transactions with securities. securities on the open market.

In the process of analyzing the liquidity of the commercial balance, the task is to determine the actual liquidity, compliance with its standards, identify its factors that caused deviations in the actual value of liquidity ratios from those established by the Central Bank.

The main qualitative factors that determine liquidity are the types of attracted deposits, their sources and stability. Therefore, the analysis of the deposit base is the starting point in the analysis of the bank's liquidity and maintaining its reliability.

Using the methods of comparative analysis of passive operations, it is possible to identify changes in the volume of these operations, to determine their impact on the bank's liquidity. The main place in the bank's resources is occupied by attracted deposits, settlement and current accounts. The share of borrowed funds accounts for up to 75% of funds in most commercial banks (according to statistics). Funds attracted by the terms of demand, i.e., the degree of liquidity, can be divided for analysis into the following subgroups:

Term deposits;
Demand deposits (funds of the state budget and budgetary organizations, settlement and current accounts of legal entities and individuals, as well as funds in settlements);
Funds received from the sale of own securities;
Lenders;
Loans from other banks.

The share of individual subgroups in the total amount of attracted funds characterizes the place and role in the credit potential of each type of resource and the corresponding economic counterparties.

The experience of foreign and domestic commercial banks shows that the main factors determining liquidity are the type of attracted deposits (term or demand), the source of their origin and stability. As you know, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in order to maintain its liquidity by commercial banks, that is, the ability to timely, fully and uninterruptedly make payments on their obligations, establishes mandatory ratios between the bank's own funds and attracted resources. In the process of analyzing the balance sheet for liquidity, deviations in the direction of both a decrease in the minimum allowable values, and their significant excess can be identified. In the first case, commercial banks are instructed to bring liquidity indicators in line with the normative values within a month (in case of violation of the CB of each of the directive liquidity standards established by the Central Bank, the amount of transfers to the required reserves fund increases). This is possible by reducing, first of all, interbank loans, accounts payable and other types of attracted resources, as well as by increasing the bank's own funds. However, it should be borne in mind that raising additional capital in the form of issuing new shares will cause a reduction in dividends and disapproval of shareholders.

If the actual value of the main regulatory liquidity ratio turns out to be much higher than the established minimum allowable one, then the activities of such a bank will be negatively assessed by shareholders (shareholders), in terms of unused opportunities for profit. In this regard, it should be noted that the analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet should be carried out simultaneously with the analysis of the profitability of the bank. The experience of commercial banks shows that banks get more profit when they operate on the verge of the minimum acceptable liquidity ratios, that is, they fully use the rights granted to them to raise funds as credit resources. The state of liquidity of assets is analyzed through deviations of actual values from the normatively established ratios of various groups of active balance sheet items and capital of the bank, deposit accounts, allocation and comparison of liquid assets with the total amount of the balance sheet asset. If the ratio of issued loans and the amount of settlement current accounts, deposits and deposits systematically exceeds the normative one, then the bank should change its strategy and tactics in the direction of intensifying the deposit policy, developing banking services related to attracting deposits in order to expand the resource potential. 3. 3. Express analysis of the bank balance

Express analysis of the bank balance at present in modern conditions, to one degree or another, should be owned by almost all employees related to the banking sector, from employees of the economic services of banks to specialists of commercial firms responsible for choosing a bank for settlement services and placement of free enterprises' funds. There are a fairly large number of techniques for analyzing the balance sheet of a bank. In this paper, I would like to generalize the approaches to assessing the liquidity of the bank's balance sheets during their preliminary assessment in the operational mode. We call this accelerated procedure for analyzing the balance sheet of a bank express analysis.

The existing various approaches to the analysis of the activities of banks are determined in many respects by its various types and methods. For example, there are several levels of analysis of the activities of commercial banks: preliminary; current; complex.

Among themselves, they differ mainly in the volume involved in the analysis of reporting accounting and statistical data.

The analysis carried out by the audit services when solving the issues of attracting a client is external and, for existing reasons, limited in the sources of information, the main of which is financial statements. Balance analysis allows you to determine the general state of liquidity and profitability, identify the structure of own and borrowed funds on a certain date or for a certain period, as well as establish the specialization and significance of the activities of a bank or a group of banks in the banking system.

The analysis of the balance sheet liability reveals the main sources of the bank's funds: the bank's own funds; deposits and their nature; current accounts or term deposits.

The analysis of the balance sheet asset is more complex, since its articles do not always make it possible to judge the operations of banks.

Various methods of analysis are given in the literature: factorial, comparative, balance, optimization, etc. Conducting a preliminary analysis, one can limit oneself to the simplest methods: grouping, comparison, and coefficients.

The grouping method allows, by systematizing the balance data, to understand the essence of the analyzed phenomena and processes.

Criteria, the degree of detail, as well as other features of the grouping of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet are determined by the goals of the analytical work being carried out. The following groupings are possible. Liabilities of the balance at the cost of attracted, own and borrowed resources; the degree of demand for liabilities; deadlines; economic counterparties; types of operations; usage possibilities. Balance asset by level of profitability; degree of liquidity; terms of investment; types of operations and degree of risk.

54. Types of audit reports

In accordance with the procedure for drawing up an audit report on financial statements, approved by the Audit Commission under the President of the Russian Federation on February 9, 1996, based on the results of an audit of the financial statements of an economic entity, an audit firm must express an opinion on the reliability of these statements in the form of an unconditionally positive, conditionally positive or negative the auditor's report or to refuse to express his opinion in the auditor's report.

Unconditionally positive audit opinion unconditionally confirms the reliability of the audited financial statements. It is compiled if: the accounting department of the enterprise made all the changes recommended by the auditors during the audit in the reporting for the audited period; there are no other objective circumstances preventing unconditional confirmation of the reliability of financial statements.

Thus, an unconditionally positive audit report (it is sometimes called an audit report without reservations and without an explanatory paragraph) has a very definite and unambiguous essence, recorded in the "Procedure for drawing up an audit report on financial statements" (clause 2. 5.): a positive audit report, the opinion of an audit firm on the reliability of the financial statements of an economic entity means that these financial statements are prepared in such a way as to ensure in all material aspects the reflection of the assets and liabilities of the economic entity as of the reporting date and the financial results of its activities for the reporting period, based on the regulatory act, regulating accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation". The auditor is responsible for the content of such a document.

In a conditionally positive auditor's report the opinion of an audit firm on the reliability of the financial statements of an economic entity means that, with the exception of the circumstances specified in the audit report, the financial statements are prepared in such a way as to ensure, in all material respects, the reflection of the assets and liabilities of the economic entity as of the reporting date and the financial results of its activities for the reporting period, based on normative act regulating accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation.

In a negative audit report the opinion of an audit firm on the reliability of the financial statements of an economic entity means that, due to certain circumstances, these statements are prepared in such a way that they do not reflect in all material aspects the assets and liabilities of the economic entity as of the reporting date and the financial results of its activities for the reporting period based on the regulatory act regulating accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation.

Refusal of the audit firm to express its opinion on the reliability of financial statements economic entity in the audit report means that as a result of certain circumstances, the audit firm cannot express such an opinion in one of the forms established by this Procedure.

The opinion of an audit firm on the reliability of the financial statements of an economic entity should be expressed in such a way that its content and form are obvious to this entity and users.

In the auditor's report, the object of the audit must be designated as "accounting statements" with the full name of the economic entity and an indication of the audited period. The words "accounting statements" means the entire set of forms of accounting statements established by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

When drawing up its opinion, the audit firm must take into account all significant circumstances established as a result of the audit of the financial statements of the economic entity. Circumstances that significantly affect the reliability of the financial statements of an economic entity are recognized as significant. To determine the level of materiality in planning and conducting an audit, an audit firm should be based on internal standards, unless the regulations governing auditing activities in the Russian Federation establish more stringent requirements.

The auditor's report cannot and should not be interpreted by the economic entity and the interested users of the audit report as a guarantee of the audit firm that there are no other circumstances that have or may affect the financial statements of the economic entity.

The auditor's report must clearly and fully set out all the significant circumstances that led to the audit firm's drawing up an audit report that is different from unconditionally positive. The auditor's report should contain, if possible, an assessment in monetary terms of the impact of such circumstances on the financial statements of the economic entity.

55. Main directions of banking audit

A variety of forms of ownership and the revival of market relations create the prerequisites for reforming the methods of financial control over the economic and commercial activities of banks.

The founders and shareholders are vitally interested in an independent assessment of the state of affairs, and along with traditional forms of control, the degree of quality of their firms is established by a special service - the audit service: internal and external, widely functioning in the international market sphere.

External audit is carried out by independent audit firms, its main purpose is to confirm the reliability of financial statements.

Internal audit can be considered as a system of internal control and a system of bank security measures in order to protect the interests of depositors, maintain and achieve specific results in the bank's activities. It includes a set of bank plans, methods and procedures used within it to protect assets, increase profits, and ensure that the instructions of the bank's management are strictly followed.

Internal audit is organizationally presented as a structural subdivision of the bank and reports to the head of the bank. The tasks of internal audit can be varied: checking the correctness of accounting; verification of the correctness of maintaining accounts for income and expenses (the legality of attributing expenses to certain items, the legality of the generated profit, the timeliness of writing off expenses on accounts, and so on); verification of the legality of certain operations and more. For the organization and conduct of internal audit, it is recommended to develop methodological guidelines or instructions that should determine the process of conducting control in this area of work. Internal audit is carried out in accordance with the approved annual plans. The audit manager is fully responsible for the entire organization and conduct of the audit.

Internal audit can be seen as an integral part of the overall management control system. Initially, the role of the audit was determined by the tasks of financial management and ensuring the safety of assets and was of a total nature at a detailed level. With the increasing complexity of control, the focus has shifted to confirming the completion of cycles of certain intra-system control procedures. Subsequently, the attention of auditors began to focus not only on how the control and information processing systems function, but also how effective they are in achieving the goals for which they are intended, and what improvements can be made to them.

Internal auditors work in both the public and private sectors. The objective of internal audit is to help relevant employees perform their duties as efficiently and effectively as possible. The internal auditor checks the accounting information and its reliability. Internal auditors report to senior management and usually have links to the board of directors and other management units.

External audit of banking activities has a number of features that require the creation of specialized audit organizations. The fact is that during audits of banks and other financial and credit institutions, various aspects of economic activity are considered, both the credit system itself and the servicing economy. This imposes on the auditors a special responsibility for the quality of the surveys, the objectivity and reliability of the conclusions, since the results of the audit serve as the basis for confirming the annual report, publishing the balance sheet and the overall assessment of the results of the credit institution.

56. Audit of foreign exchange operations of a commercial bank

First of all, you need to make sure that the bank has a license from the Central Bank of Russia to carry out operations in foreign currency. Revaluation of foreign currency "Regulations on the procedure for accounting for foreign exchange transactions in credit institutions" No. 290 dated 10 All transactions performed by the bank in foreign currency should be reflected in the daily bank balance sheet only in rubles. In analytical accounting, transactions are reflected in double valuation - in rubles and the corresponding foreign currency. Assets and liabilities of banks are converted into rubles at the official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia on the relevant date. When a bank buys a currency at a rate below the official rate or sells it above the official rate of the Bank of Russia, a commercial bank receives income in the form of a realized exchange rate difference between the Central Bank rate and the transaction rate. When buying a currency at a rate higher than the official one, as well as when selling it at a rate lower than the official one, the bank incurs expenses in the form of exchange rate difference. revaluation procedure. The bank's income and expenses, as well as dividends on shares received or paid in foreign currency, are reflected in the balance sheet at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of receipt or payment and are not subsequently reassessed. Retained earnings and funds of banks are recorded only in rubles. Previously formed profits and funds in foreign currencies are accounted for at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia as of 06 and are not re-evaluated in the future. Accounts that include capital investments (completed and incomplete) paid for foreign currency (exchange rate as of the date of receipt or signing of the act of acceptance) are not subject to revaluation. Previously formed contributions to the statutory fund in foreign currency are accounted for in double valuation in foreign currency and in rubles at the rate established by the meeting of shareholders or shareholders, and are not revalued. Accounts 96, 01, 07 and 96 in terms of shares and shares of residents acquired for foreign currency are not revalued and are accounted for at ruble par value. Accounts accounted for as of July 508, 509 as foreign currency accounts are converted into rubles based on the par value of shares in rubles. The resulting exchange rate differences are transferred to account 601 or 602. All other balance accounts are revalued as the official exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation changes.

The revaluation of a part of the bank's assets and liabilities is carried out in correspondence with account 61306 or 61406 "Revaluation of funds in foreign currency - positive (negative) exchange differences". The balance of account 61306 shall be closed on the last working day of the year to account 701, of account 61406 to account 702. Off-balance accounts for accounting for claims and liabilities of the bank in foreign currency are subject to revaluation with a change in the official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia. An increase in the ruble equivalent is posted to the corresponding account as an income, a decrease - as an expense. Revaluation transactions: revaluation of active accounts positive exchange difference Dt act of accounts Kt 61306 negative exchange difference Dt 61406 Kt act. accounts revaluation of passive accounts positive exchange difference Dt 61306 Kt pass. accounts negative exchange rate Dt pass. accounts Kt 61406 transfer of the debit balance of account 61306 to account 61406 Dt 61406 Kt 61306 transfer of the credit balance of account 61406 to account 61306 Dt 61406 Kt 61306 closing of account 61306 for income at the end of the reporting period Dt 61306 Kt 701 closing of account 61406 for expenses at the end of the reporting period Dt 702 Kt 61406 Current foreign exchange transactions of legal entities and individuals Current foreign exchange transactions include: transfers to the Russian Federation or from the Russian Federation of foreign currency for settlements without deferred payment for the import or export of goods, works, services, as well as for settlements related to lending export-import operations for a period of not more than 180 days receipt and provision of financial loans for a period of not more than 180 days transfers to or from the Russian Federation of interest, dividends and other income on deposits, investments, loans and other transactions related to the movement of capital transfers of a non-trading nature to the Russian Federation and from the Russian Federation, including salary transfers, alimony, pensions, inheritances and other similar flexible operations. BUT).

Legal entities Current accounts in foreign currency 1. Correctness of opening accounts Application for opening an account Decision to create, reorganize an enterprise A certified copy of the Charter (Regulations) A certified card with sample signatures and a seal imprint Bank order to open an account Certificate to the tax office to open a foreign currency account 2. the correctness of account maintenance; find out on the basis of which documents payments are made on accounts; reconciliation of transactions reflected on personal accounts with primary documents; reconciliation of records on personal accounts of clients with extracts from them (how often statements are transferred to the client, the procedure for confirming receipt of the statement by the client) 3. correctness of accrual of interest on balances (if accrued) 4. confirmation of balances B). Individuals Reporting to the IRS on account movements of $10 or more or equivalent.

Question 3. Receipt/withdrawal of foreign currency Instructions of the Central Bank of Russia No. 19 of 12 It is necessary to make sure that the "passports of the transaction" are available and correctly executed. Transaction Passport - a basic currency control document drawn up by the exporter at the bank and containing information about the foreign economic transaction necessary for the implementation of this control, set out in a standardized form. The transaction passport must contain: Bank details Branch name Postal address Exporter details Name OKPO code Legal address Account number Form of payment - letter of credit, collection, transfer receipt of proceeds - advance payment, deadline for receipt Bank of Russia license - in case of deferred payment for a period of more than 10 days Signatures of authorized persons persons Special marks of the bank The bank examines the documents submitted to it: for compliance of these PS with the terms of the contract, it verifies the signatures of authorized persons and signs the transaction passport. The first copy of the PS is returned to the exporter. The second copy serves as the basis for opening the dossier. With the signing of the contract, the bank accepts this contract for settlement services and agrees to perform the functions of currency control. 93. Write-off of foreign currency Non-cash - make sure there are contracts for the import of products (goods, services), check account statements with contracts Cash - only for travel expenses if relevant documents are available (order of the company's managers, calculation of travel expenses according to the norms) 180. Make sure in the fact that bank employees control settlements between residents in foreign currency (such settlements are allowed only if there are appropriate licenses from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation).

Mandatory sale of a part of foreign exchange earnings Instruction of the Bank of Russia No. 7 of 29 "On the procedure for the mandatory sale by enterprises, associations, organizations of a part of foreign exchange earnings through authorized banks and operations in the domestic foreign exchange market of the Russian Federation." All amounts of receipts from legal entities and individuals, including as advances and prepayments, are subject to mandatory sale. Not subject to: receipts as contributions to the Authorized Fund, as well as dividends received from participation in the capital, proceeds from the sale of stock values, as well as dividends on stock values, receipts in the form of attracted loans (deposits, deposits), as well as amounts received for redemption provided loans (deposits, contributions), including accrued interest income in the form of donations for charitable purposes income in the form of refunds of advance payments under unfulfilled import contracts In the course of checking the procedure for the mandatory sale of a part of foreign exchange earnings, it is checked: receipt of foreign exchange earnings to a transit account, and not to a current client's account notification of the recipient in writing no later than the next day, the recipient of the currency must, within 07 calendar days, instruct the authorized bank to sell 92% of the currency earnings in the domestic market, make sure that the bank did not store the received currency on the transit account for more than 7 days and debited 75% to the current currency account and 7% on Thu 25 "Settlements with clients for the purchase/sale of foreign currency". make sure that 75% of foreign exchange earnings were sold within 47405 working days after being credited to account 75. make sure that the bank has not exceeded the remuneration norms established by law (the bank's commissions amounted to no more than 3% of the amount of the sold currency (including the exchange commission) and commission exchanges - less than 47405%)

Enumeration Dt 40702tr Ct 40702 current. Dt 40702tr Kt 47405 Per. to the exchange account Dt 47405 Kt 30109 Receipt of rubles Dt 30109 Kt 47405 Crediting to the client Dt 47405 Kt 40702 Bank commission Dt 47405 Kt 70103 Exchange transactions Non-cash transactions Cash (cash) transaction - a transaction with immediate delivery. In this case, the value date is not more than 2 calendar days from the transaction date. An urgent transaction is a transaction with delivery on time. In this case, the value date is 3 or more calendar days away from the transaction date. The purpose of the audit is to determine the correctness of the formation of the financial result for these transactions. Spot purchase and sale of foreign currency on the 2nd working day at a price agreed in advance. Forward purchase and sale of foreign currency with delivery in the future at an agreed price (1, 3, 6 months, 1 year). Swap is a contract to make two opposite transactions after a certain period of time. The following accounts are opened to account for futures currency transactions conducted by a commercial bank: For accounting of urgent currency transactions, the following balance accounts are opened in a commercial bank (with a gap in days): 47407 - passive - settlements on conversion and futures transactions 47408 - active - settlements on conversion and term transactions 61306 - passive - revaluation of funds in foreign currency - positive differences 61406 - active - revaluation of funds in foreign currency - negative differences = 1 marks Central Bank exchange rate on the value date 2 USD = 1 rubles. = 5 marks transaction 1 USD = 5 marks Accounting in the bank-seller Accounted for transaction Dt 2. 100 220 47408 rubles. Kt 280. 220 440 47407 rubles. Kt 840. 100 300 rubles. Write-off of US dollars Dt 70103. 810 140 47407 rubles. Kt 840. RUB 100 Reassessment of claims Dt 300. RUB 30102. Kt 840 100 rub. Obtaining stamps Dt 300. 47408 280 110 rubles. Kt 61306. 110 30102 280 rubles. Accounting with the buyer's bank Accounted for transaction Dt 220. 550 rubles. Dt 47408. 280 220 rubles. Kt 550. 47408 840 100 rubles. Received US dollars Dt 300. 70205 810 140 rubles. Kt 47407. 280 220 440 rub. Revaluation of liabilities Dt 30102 RUB 840 Kt 100. 300 40408 rubles.

Write-off of stamps Dt 47407. 280 220 550 rubles. Kt 30102. 280 220 550 rubles. Foreign currency cash exchange In the course of the audit of the correctness of foreign currency cash exchange operations, it is necessary to check: the presence of a permit for the operation of the exchange office equipment and security of the exchange office maintaining the cash book issuing currency exchange certificates procedure for determining profit / loss on currency exchange operations 20206 - cash desk of exchange offices selling at a rate higher than the official rate of the Central Bank Dt 20206. 810 Kt 20206. 840 Kt 70103 - exchange rate difference selling at a rate below the official rate of the Central Bank Dt 20206. 810 Kt 20206. 840 Dt 70205 - exchange rate difference buying at a rate higher than the official rate of the Central Bank Dt 20206. 840 Kt 20206. 810 Dt 70205 - exchange rate difference purchase at a rate lower than the official rate of the Central Bank Dt 20206. 840 Kt 20206. 810 Kt 70103 - exchange rate difference observance by authorized banks of the Russian Federation "dated 41. 22. 05. Currency position - requirements and obligations to an authorized bank in the respective currencies. Open currency position - the difference in the amounts of claims and liabilities of the bank in certain foreign currencies, creating the risk of losses in case of unfavorable changes in the exchange rate. Short open foreign exchange position - open currency position in a separate foreign currency, liabilities and off-balance sheet liabilities in which quantitatively exceed assets and off-balance sheet claims in this foreign currency. Group of currencies of the countries of the European Union - German mark, French franc, Dutch guilder, Finnish mark, Italian lira, Spanish peseta, Portuguese escudo, Austrian shilling, Belgian franc, Luxembourg franc, Irish pound, EURO.

Operations that affect the change in the OCP: *** receipt of interest and other income, accrual of interest and payment of operating expenses, conversion operations, forward currency transactions, other operations of the bank with foreign currency and currency values, except for transactions with precious metals. The currency position arises on the date of conclusion of the transaction and on the date of crediting funds to the accounts of income and/or expenses. Currency position limit: - at the end of the trading day, the total value of all long (short) positions should not exceed 20% of the bank's capital. - as of the end of the trading day, a long (short) position in a group of foreign currencies of the European Union countries, as well as long (short) positions in other individual currencies should not exceed 10% of capital. Example of ORP calculation: In accordance with the requirements of the legislation, it is necessary to adjust positions in the following currencies: British pound sterling excess of a long position - 6% Swiss franc excess of a short position - 8% The total value for the currencies of the countries that are members of the European Union, namely German mark - 6 rubles. and for the French franc +000 rubles. does not exceed the established 2% limit.

Thus, it is necessary to conclude a deal for the sale of English pounds in the equivalent of 6 rubles and the purchase of Swiss marks in the equivalent of 000 rubles. According to the official exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 8 rubles. are 000 pounds, and 6000 rubles. are 750 Swiss francs. Let's assume that the bank was able to conclude a deal to sell 8000 pounds for 1600 Swiss francs. In this case, the currency position for the specified currencies will be adjusted by the following posting: Dt 750. 1700 47408 756 rubles. Kt 1700. 8500 47407 826 rub. Kt 750. 6000 70103 rub.

When checking the correctness of the calculation and compliance with the currency position limit, it is necessary to:

Make sure that currency position reports are prepared in a timely manner and in accordance with the established pattern. Make sure that the bank complies with the established limit of the currency position Discuss with the employees of the currency department the procedure for filling out reports on the currency position.

A commercial bank with branches keeps records of the reserve fund on the balance sheet of the head office. The correctness of the formation and use of the reserve fund must be confirmed by the audit company. The purpose of the fund is to cover the bank's losses. increase in the authorized capital through capitalization in the prescribed manner. At the same time, only the funds of the fund in the part exceeding the minimum amount of the Russian Federation can be subject to capitalization. The reserve fund cannot be used for other purposes. A commercial bank has the right to form a special fund for corporatization of employees. Its funds are spent only on the acquisition of bank shares sold by shareholders for their subsequent placement among the bank's employees. The use of funds from the accounts of funds is made within the limits of the availability of amounts on these accounts. Fund accounts are passive. 10701 Reserve Fund 10702 Special Purpose Funds 10703 Accumulation Funds 10704 Other Funds Amounts transferred to funds from profits are recorded under the loan. For debit - the amount of use of funds in accordance with the Regulations on funds in correspondence with cash accounts, correspondent / accounts, client accounts, etc.

57. Audit of taxation

Stages of assessing the correctness of paying taxes to the budget

The purpose of the analysis of income and expenses:

checking the legality and validity of transactions on income and expense accounts;
checking the completeness and timeliness of crediting amounts to income and expense accounts;
correctness of the bank's declaration of taxable profit.

At the planning stage, auditors carry out a preliminary assessment of items of profit and loss. It analyzes:

items of income and expenses by branches and items;
dynamics of credit resources and investments;
bank income and expenses on passive operations;
the level of income and expenses of the bank in comparison with other banks, primarily with the main competitors.

During the audit itself, operations are identified for which misrepresentation of information is most likely:

accrual and accounting of loans, interest on them and reserves for possible loan losses;

income from other active operations;
calculation and accounting of interest on deposits and current accounts;
operations on the interbank loan market;
expenses for other passive operations;
accounting for administrative expenses.

A continuous check of material residues and a selective check of residues with a small probability of distortion are carried out by:

understating the amount of income by assigning received funds to inappropriate balance sheet accounts;
inflating expenses by assigning to them payments that should be made from profits.

The correctness of the calculation of profit benefits is checked.

Checking the accounts of other debtors and creditors:

deciphering account balances, reconciling balances with primary documents;
determining the validity of crediting to accounts.

Question 2 Property tax

The objects of taxation are fixed assets, HA, stocks and expenses that are on the balance sheet.

For the purposes of taxation, fixed assets, HA, IBE are accounted for at residual value. For tax purposes, the average annual value of the property is determined.

To determine the taxable base of the property tax, the balances reflected in the balance sheet asset are taken on the following accounts:

60401.03 OS;
60801+60802 Equipment for delivery/leasing;
60901+60902 NA;
610-61003 Household materials;
611-61103 IBP;
61401.03 Deferred expenses.

The calculated amount of property tax is paid as a mandatory payment on a priority basis and is credited to account 70209: Dt 70209 Kt 60301 Dt 60301 Kt 30102

Features of the calculation of value added tax on operations carried out by financial and credit institutions

Banking operations include the following operations carried out in accordance with Federal Law No. 3-FZ of February 1996, 17 "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR "On Banks and Banking Activities in the RSFSR":

attracting funds from legal entities and individuals in deposits (on demand and for a certain period);
placement of the funds raised above on its own behalf and at its own expense;
opening and maintaining bank accounts of legal entities and individuals;
making settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;
cash services for individuals and legal entities
purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;
attraction to deposits and placement of precious metals;
issuance of bank guarantees.

This exemption does not apply to the following transactions of credit institutions:

collection services;
issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in cash;
acquisition of the right to claim from third parties the fulfillment of obligations in cash;
trust management of funds and other property under an agreement with legal entities and individuals;
carrying out operations with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
leasing to individuals and legal entities special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables;
leasing operations;
provision of consulting and information services.

The amount of value added tax payable to the budget by banks and credit institutions for the reporting period should be determined as the difference between the amounts of tax received on taxable transactions and services and the amounts of tax paid to enterprises and organizations on goods (works, services) , the cost of which is included in the expenses of the bank (credit institution) for the main activity in the part attributable to taxable turnover.

This procedure for calculating the value added tax is used in accounting for both taxable and non-taxable transactions, as well as costs (expenses) for these transactions.

If it is impossible to ensure separate accounting, a tax in the amount corresponding to the share of income received from taxable operations and services in the total amount of the bank's income for the reporting period is accepted as a offset from the total amount of tax paid. The remaining part of the value added tax attributable to the acquired material resources is charged to the expenses of the bank (credit institution).

In some cases, at the choice of banks (credit institutions), if the share of income received from the performance of transactions, operations and services subject to value added tax in the total amount of income of a bank (credit institution) for the reporting period is less than 5 percent, the amount of tax on value added paid to suppliers for all goods, works and services may be attributed to bank (credit institution) expenses. In this case, the entire amount of value added tax received on taxable transactions, operations, services, is subject to contribution to the budget.

Fixed assets and intangible assets used by a bank (credit institution) when performing work or rendering services exempt from value added tax are accounted for at the acquisition cost, including the amount of tax paid, with subsequent write-off in the prescribed manner through depreciation amounts.

Value added tax on acquired fixed assets and intangible assets used by banks (credit institutions) in the performance of work (services) subject to value added tax does not apply to distribution costs and is subject to attribution to budget settlements.

In addition, banks (credit institutions) at their choice (for the reporting year with a notification to the tax authority) may record fixed assets and intangible assets used in the performance of work (rendering services) in accounting at the cost of acquisition, including the amount of tax paid value-added, with subsequent write-off in the prescribed manner through the amount of depreciation, regardless of the size (specific weight) of value-added taxable transactions in the total income of the bank (credit institution).

Income Taxes

Regulation "On the peculiarities of determining the taxable base for the payment of income tax by banks and other credit institutions" No. 490 dated 16.05.94

Income composition:

Amounts of accrued and received interest on credit resources.
Commissions and other fees for transfers, letters of credit, and collection operations, including for services related to correspondent relations.
Payment for services provided to clients for opening and maintaining accounts, as well as for the provision of expert, consulting, and information services.
Income received from the provision of factoring, forfeiting, and trust operations.
Income received from guarantee operations.
Payment for services provided by the bank to the population.
Payment for collection, transportation of funds and other valuables.
Income from the bank's transactions with foreign currency and other currency values. Payment received by banks for performing the functions of a currency control agent.
The difference between the sale and par value of shares (except for DC).
Cash and fixed assets, material and financial assets, transferred free of charge to the bank.

Bank cash surplus:

dividends and interest received on securities.
positive exchange rate differences.
awarded and recognized fines, penalties, penalties.
amounts received from bank employees in compensation for damage caused.
return of loans previously written off at a loss, restoration of a previously created reserve for possible loan losses

Composition of expenses included in the cost:

Amounts due for payment to budgets in the form of property taxes.
Mandatory contributions to the Pension Fund, Federal Migration Service, Federal Law.
Payments for compulsory insurance of bank property.
Accrued and paid interest on deposits.
Accrued and paid interest on debt obligations, including the amount of discount between the sales price and the face value of securities
Accrued and paid interest on interbank loans within the refinancing rate + 3 points
Commission fees paid by the bank for services and correspondent relationships.
Commission fees paid by the bank for the purchase/sale of foreign currency.
Depreciation of fixed assets used for banking activities, financial assets, interbank business enterprises.
The bank's expenses for renting fixed assets used for banking activities, expenses for all types of repairs.
Costs in accordance with estimates for entertainment expenses, advertising expenses, travel expenses, payment of compensation for the use of personal vehicles.
Payment for consulting, information, audit services.
Costs associated with the production and placement of securities.
Costs of providing factoring and forfeiting services.
The amount of deductions to the reserve for possible losses on loans and debt equivalent to a loan.
Labor costs for employees.
Awarded and recognized fines, penalties, penalties.
Losses from the write-off of receivables not compensated by the reserve for possible losses.
Uncompensated losses from natural disasters, fires, accidents.
Negative exchange rate differences on bank transactions in foreign currency.
Expenses not included in cost (after tax).
Payments in kind and cash premiums, mat. help, etc.
Capital costs.
Expenses for maintaining non-production facilities.
Deductions made by the bank to non-state funds.
Expenses for advertising, travel and entertainment expenses in excess of the norms.
Costs associated with conducting inspections of the bank's activities at the initiative of one or more founders (shareholders) of the bank.
Payment of dividends to bank shareholders.
Income generation Dt... Kt 701.
Formation of expenses Dt 702 Kt...
Use of profit Dt 70501 Kt 60301, funds.
Profit generation Dt 701 Kt 70301.
Dt 70301 Kt 702.
Formation of loss Dt 70401 Kt 702.
Dt 701 Kt 70401.

Carrying out final transactions, writing off the amount of excess profit distribution over the amount actually received:

funds Kt 70501;
Dt 70401 Kt 70501;
writing off the amount of overpayment to the budget Dt 60302 Kt 70501;
additional accrual of the amount of income tax Dt 70501 Kt 60301.

Transfer of financial results after the final turnover:

Profit Dt 70301 Kt 70302
Loss Dt 70402 Kt 70401
Closing the account Use of profit Dt 70502 Kt 70501

After approval of the annual report:

Dt 70502 Kt 60320, funds
Dt 70302 Kt 70502

58. Additional information

At present, the importance of education and self-education has increased. Smart people live longer. The mortality rate of people with a high level of education is four times lower than that of people with little education. Until recently, it was believed that human life expectancy is mainly influenced by three factors: heredity, lifestyle and ecology. However, scientists have come to the conclusion that smart people live longer and get sick less. The mortality of people with a high level of education is four times lower than the mortality of those with little education. It turns out that the brain ages much faster without exercise. Scientists have long explained the differences in the health status of different people by their belonging to different social groups and the difference in the level of well-being. British scientists supplemented this concept with new data. It turns out that the level of intelligence also affects the health of people. The higher the level of intelligence in a child, the more likely he is to live longer. It turns out that "bespectacled boys" are the most profitable suitors and the preferred male sires.

It is assumed that the demand for "nerds" among the fair sex will increase dramatically. Before the revolution in Russia, the presence of glasses was a sign of intelligence, wealth, intelligence, and noble birth. Now intellectuals are valued all over the world, they are lured away from other countries (brain drain), they are the main factor in the economic growth and well-being of the nation. In Russia, the rich are mostly well-educated people. Two thirds of them have higher education. The majority - 86% - parents belong to the intelligentsia. There are practically no people without higher education among the "captains" of Russian business. Scientists distinguish three main criteria that affect life expectancy as determining ones: heredity (up to 20%), lifestyle (up to 55%) and environmental factors (20%). At the same time, material income and the level of education are in the first places in the "way of life" indicator. By the way, in Western countries, in their practice, insurance companies, assessing the potential life expectancy of a client with the help of tests, necessarily include these indicators in the questionnaire.

The level of material well-being has a significant impact on lifestyle. People with lower incomes are more likely to get sick and less likely to seek medical care. However, human health is affected not so much by the money itself, but by the nature of their use in the interests of health. For example, people with higher incomes have the opportunity to get a better education. In turn, the mortality of people with a high level of education is about 1 - 5 times lower than in groups with a low level of education. It is also believed that the human brain ages much faster without exercise. Conclusion: it is beneficial to engage in the improvement of education and self-education (the study of professional and general educational literature).

Education is an investment in human capital. According to statistics, every year spent on education increases the salary of an employee by an average of 10%. Education not only increases the productivity of the recipient (i.e., the person who received it), it has a positive externality (externality). An externality occurs when one person's action affects the well-being of another person or other people. An educated person can put forward ideas that become useful to others, public domain, they can be used by everyone who falls within the scope of the positive externality of education. In this regard, the phenomenon known as "brain drain", that is, the emigration of the most educated and qualified specialists from poor countries and countries with economies in transition to rich countries with a high standard of living, has a particularly negative impact.

A significant problem in development (including career development) is bad habits. Alcohol irreversibly destroys brain cells (in any quantity), leading to impotence in men and corresponding problems in women. There is no beneficial alcohol for a healthy person - it is harmful in any quantity and type. This has long been known, but is kept silent for selfish purposes. On the contrary, paid journalists and “experts”, films and TV series (with huge advertising budgets) promote an unhealthy lifestyle - advertising pays off many times over, though at the cost of the health of millions. Smoking also leads to sad consequences, often irreversible. Smokers are less able to work, so in developed countries they try not to hire them, especially for significant positions; a similar trend is noticeable in large successful Russian companies. Legislative restrictions on smoking in public places indicate the increased selfishness of smokers who do not think about others - you must agree, this is not the best quality for working with people, which is well understood by personnel selection specialists.

It has been noticed that many people do not know the elementary rules of the Russian language, for example:

1. The number of quotes must always be even, like brackets in mathematics.

Adjacent quotation marks can be of two types – “…” and “…” (paws and Christmas trees).

Correct: “words “words”” or “words “words””

Incorrect: “words” and “words”

These mistakes are even in the names of large firms and some articles and books.

2. If there is information in brackets at the end of the sentence, a period is placed after the brackets, not before the brackets and inside before the closing bracket.

That's right: words (words).

Wrong: words. (the words.)

As recent studies have shown, smoking negatively affects the brain and reduces the intellectual abilities of a person. The comparison showed that smokers lagged behind their nonsmoking peers on all types of tests they offered. In the several decades that have passed since the first survey, their ability to think logically, and the ability to remember and reproduce information, have significantly decreased significantly.

59. Credit consulting and lending

Business lending, despite the unstable state of the economy, implies the possibility of making decisions by some banks in a short time (from 1 to 10-15 days), before opening an account, accounting for management (unofficial) reporting, a group of companies. Crises are not a hindrance if you use the advice of professionals.

Despite the crisis in the Russian economy, most business lending experts agree that this banking sector in Russia will develop.

Let us consider in detail the currently existing business financing opportunities.

For legal entities: All types of loans, including:

▪ overdraft (unsecured loan against turnover, up to 50% of average monthly receipts to the account from third-party counterparties, excluding payments to ourselves within a group of companies);

▪ loan to replenish working capital;

▪ business development loan; - loan for the purchase of a business; - loan for the purchase of real estate (including commercial mortgage);

▪ loan for the purchase of equipment;

▪ loan to cover cash gaps; - line of credit; - factoring; - leasing; - pawnshop business lending;

▪ bank guarantees;

▪ investments in Russian enterprises (including investments in new companies (up to a year) in Moscow). Contacting credit brokers who have experience working full-time in banks (preferably in senior positions in specialized departments) allows you to conduct an express analysis of financial statements and potential creditworthiness, increase maximum lending limits (amounts), optimize taxation, increase credit attractiveness and speed up consideration applications, get the opportunity to have priority preferential consideration of applications in banks (for more details, see the e-book Shevchuk D. A. Banking: lecture notes).

For individual entrepreneurs:

▪ loan;

▪ credit line.

Adjustment coefficients (discount) applied within the framework of business lending programs (According to the Deputy General Director of INTERFINANCE (LLC "INTERFINANCE MV") Denis Aleksandrovich Shevchuk): Real estate objects (buildings, structures, individual premises in a building, unfinished capital structure): no more than 0, 8. Equipment: no more than 0, 7. Office and computer equipment, as well as personal property of individuals can act as a pledge. Pledge valuation of office and computer equipment, personal property is carried out by a loan officer based on a visual inspection, study of documentation and information on the market value of similar objects and application of a correction factor of not more than 0 to the market value. In the case of a pledge of equipment along with technological, production, etc. Pavilions (registered as temporary structures) may be considered equipment. Their collateral value is assessed by applying a correction factor of no more than 6 to the market value.

Vehicles: not more than 0. Goods in circulation (goods, finished products, etc.): not more than 7. VAT (for purchased goods) / production cost of goods (for goods of own production). At the same time, the issue of the competitiveness of this price in the market must be studied by a loan officer. Prior to accepting property as a pledge, a loan officer, when visiting the place of business, conducts an inspection and verification of the actual availability of property, compliance with data on the quantity and assortment (by type and generic characteristics), checks for the availability of documents confirming ownership. When pledging goods in circulation, certificates of conformity must be checked (selectively, but not less than 0 positions). Loan Amount = Collateral Amount * Discount Collateral Amount - liquid market value (at which you can sell quickly, usually slightly below normal market value). MINIMUM TERMS FOR CONSIDERATION OF APPLICATIONS: from 6-10 days to a month.

FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO COLOR: up to 1000000 rubles without collateral, loans with partial collateral. Any liquid property (including purchased equipment and real estate) is accepted as collateral for other loans. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BORROWER: The presence of a stable and profitable business with a period of actual existence of at least 6 months is mandatory. The term of official business registration is at least 6 months. No negative credit history. Absence of facts of non-fulfillment of obligations. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BUSINESS OWNERS: Citizenship of the Russian Federation. Age - from 25 to 60 years old inclusive (for men under 28 years old, the issue is settled with the draft authorities). No criminal record. No negative credit history. Representatives of business today have a sufficient choice among banks that are ready to give "money in growth" and support various business projects. Entrepreneurs only need to have a good understanding of the conditions and interest rates in order to choose the most beneficial loan program for themselves.

Entrepreneurs are often interested in the question: does the possibility of obtaining a loan depend on the legal form under which a small business is registered. For example, many are sure that there is a prejudice in banks regarding "individual entrepreneurs", it is much more difficult to get a loan with this form of ownership than, say, for a limited liability company (LLC).

However, this setting is far from reality: for banks that are seriously engaged in lending to small and medium-sized businesses, the legal status of the organization does not affect either the number of documents for obtaining a loan, or interest rates, or lending conditions, that is, all representatives of this sector of the economy. equal requirements are imposed on activities (for more details, see Shevchuk D. A., Shevchuk V. A. Money. Credit. Banks. A course of lectures in a concise presentation: Textbook-method. allowance - M: Finance and Statistics, 2006).

Some banks have restrictions on other parameters, such as the share of foreign capital, but the form of ownership of the company does not matter. However, there is a limitation for legal entities: the share of the state or non-residents in the authorized capital should not exceed 49%.

The documents that are required for obtaining a loan for small and medium-sized enterprises mainly relate to both the legal status and financial statements. In a bank, for example, you will be required to: a certificate of state registration, a certificate of registration with the tax authority, copies of passports of an individual entrepreneur and guarantors, a copy of the income statement for the last two reporting dates, copies of the pages of the book of income and expenses for 6 months , certificates of the presence or absence of loans in servicing banks.

It is also necessary to provide an extract from the servicing banks on account turnover (debit turnover or credit turnover) for the previous 12 months, as well as information on monthly turnover. Additional documents that banks are often asked to provide are directly related to the company's activities: copies of lease agreements for premises, copies of contracts with buyers and suppliers, copies of documents confirming the ownership of property offered as collateral (contracts, invoices, acts, payment documents, certificates property) and so on.

Consideration of an application in banks takes from three working days to several weeks, subject to the provision of a complete package of documents, so enterprises wishing to receive a loan must take this fact into account in advance. Often clients complain that banks consider their applications for a long time, but from practice I can say that usually such clients do not follow the instructions of the bank and do not fulfill everything that is asked of them on time, thereby delaying the decision-making process on the possibility of lending (for more details see D. A. Shevchuk, Banking Operations, Principles, Control, Profitability, Risks, Moscow: GrossMedia: ROSBUKH, 2007).

Due to the focus of most banks on the "individual approach" to each borrower-representative of small or medium-sized businesses, entrepreneurs have the opportunity to vary the interest rate. You should think about obtaining a loan for your company in advance and go for maximum cooperation with credit analysts on issues related to documents: in this case, you can choose the most favorable lending conditions for the company (for more details, see the e-book Shevchuk D. A. Banking Law: Lecture Notes ).

Before applying to banks, it is useful to prepare a feasibility study or a business plan (Shevchuk D.A. How to draw up a business plan: the first step to your business. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2008).

Significant savings in time, and often many other costs, can be obtained by timely contacting credit brokers, but only if all employees of such a company have previously worked in banks in management positions. The abundance of so-called “certified brokers” who have attended promotional lectures in ordinary companies seriously discredits the profession of a credit broker. Ideally, the more banks a credit broker has worked in, the better.

List of documents for the Borrower

1. Questionnaire - application in the form of the Bank.

2. Passport(1) for individuals who are:

▪ business owners;

▪ parties to the transaction (borrower, guarantors);

▪ managers (having the right of first signature) of legal entities included in the Client's group of companies.

For men under 28 years of age, an additional copy of the military ID.

3. Certificate of state registration(3) (making an entry in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities / EGRIP).

4. Certificate of registration with the tax authority(3)

5. Licenses(3) and/or other documents giving the right to carry out activities.

6. Constituent documents(3) (Articles and Memorandum). Additionally, if applicable: Decisions on making changes and/or additions to the constituent documents, as well as certificates of state registration of such changes and/or additions.

7. Documents confirming ownership(3) the personal property of business owners.

Financial documents

1. Financial (tax) reporting(3) with a stamp, or a postal receipt and a description of the attachment, confirming the delivery to the IMTS, as of the last reporting date (for the last reporting period).

1. 1.

Balance sheet (Form No. 1) and Gains and losses report (Form No. 2), or

1. 2.

Single tax returnpaid in connection with the application of the simplified taxation system, as well as a receipt (payment order) confirming the payment of a single tax for the last period, or

1. 3.

Tax return for a single tax on imputed income for certain types of activities, as well as a receipt (payment order) confirming the payment of a single tax for the last period.

2. Income and expense ledger(3) organizations and / or individual entrepreneurs applying the simplified taxation system or being UTII payers for the last 3 months.

3. Accounting documents (statements) containing information on receipts to the cash desk and to settlement accounts broken down by banks for 6 months monthly.

4. Breakdown of receivables and payables(1) no later than the 1st day of the month in which the application was submitted.

6. Certificate of commitment(1) in the form of the Bank not later than on the 1st day of the month in which the application was submitted.

7. List of property used in business and inventory items(1) no later than the 1st day of the month in which the application was submitted.

Documents confirming economic activity

1. Contracts (agreements) with main suppliers and consumers(3). At least 6 (at least 3 with suppliers and at least 3 with consumers) with the largest counterparties in terms of settlements.

2. Documents confirming the right to use the premises(3) (warehouse, office, points of sale).

Forms of submission of documents:

(1) Original

(3) A copy certified by the organization / individual entrepreneur

The responsible officer of the Bank may additionally request other additional documents necessary for making a decision on granting a loan.

A business financing option is a loan secured by housing for any purpose, essentially a mortgage option. Quite often, business owners use this product. There are two options: mortgage of an apartment and mortgage of a house (cottage).

The residential building that is the subject of pledge must meet the following requirements:

1.1. be located in a settlement on the territory of which other residential buildings suitable for habitation are located;

1.2. have an access road that provides year-round access to the land plot on which the residential building is located, by motor transport;

1.3. be suitable for permanent habitation;

1.4. have a constant power supply from an external source through the connected network from the power supply organization;

1.5. be provided with a gas, steam or stove heating system, as well as cold water supply;

1.6. be in proper technical condition and not have significant defects in structural elements and engineering equipment, which can subsequently lead to an accident at home;

1.7. pass the cadastral registration, comply with the floor plan issued by the body carrying out the technical inventory of the property, which is determined on the basis of the data of the valuation report made by a professional appraiser;

The land plot that is the subject of pledge must meet the following requirements: - have a permitted use (intended purpose): for gardening, housing or summer cottage construction; - the requirements specified in paragraphs 1. 1., 1. 2. and 1. 9.

General requirements. The subject of collateral can be both the Residential Premises for the purchase of which the loan was granted, and the existing Residential Premises.

1. The Residential Premises should not be under arrest or prohibition, should not be encumbered with the right of third parties, with the exception of the right of residence, there should be no disputes regarding the Residential Premises. If a person who is not one of the owners (pledgers) of the mortgaged Residential Premises plans to be the sole borrower under the loan agreement, then it is necessary to demand that one of the owners (pledgers) of the Residential Premises be involved as the second borrower (co-borrower).

2. The dwelling is a separate apartment or a separate Residential building for permanent residence (cottage or semi-detached house (townhouse)). The rooms of a communal apartment can only be pledged if, to secure one loan, all rooms (premises) of the communal apartment are pledged, i.e., in aggregate, the pledged rooms (premises) will constitute a single Residential Premises.

3. The Residential Premises is connected to electric, steam or gas heating systems that provide heat to the entire area of the Residential Premises, or has an autonomous life support system.

4. The dwelling has entrance doors, windows and a roof (for apartments on the upper floors).

5. When granting a loan secured by existing housing, Residential Premises shall not be accepted as collateral in the following cases:

▪ When the owners (one of the owners) of the Residential Premises are minor children;

▪ When persons who are not members of the mortgagor’s family are registered in the Residential Premises for a long period of time (1 year or more).

6. When one of the owners (pledgers) of the Residential Premises is a person over 65 years of age, the mortgage agreement is subject to mandatory notarization.

7. The building in which the subject of pledge is located must meet the following conditions and requirements:

a) is located in Moscow or the Moscow region;

b) is not in emergency condition; c) not be registered for major repairs (if information is available); d) is not in plans for reconstruction or demolition (if information is available); e) have a reinforced concrete, stone or brick foundation; f) the wear and tear of a building built before 1970 should not be more than 70%.

8. Ownership of the Residential Premises must be confirmed by the relevant title documents (certificate of ownership, registered contract of sale of the Residential Premises, barter agreement, etc.), drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation.

9. Technical documentation (explication, floor plan) must comply with the data specified in the USRR. If the Residential Premises is re-equipped without an appropriate permit, such Premises can be accepted as a pledge only on the condition that the Pledgor legalizes the redevelopment within 6 months from the date of the conclusion of the mortgage agreement (the emergence of a mortgage by virtue of law), and if it is impossible to legalize the redevelopment, the Pledgor is obliged, within 9 months from the date of conclusion of the mortgage agreement (the emergence of a mortgage by virtue of law), to bring the Residential Premises into a state corresponding to the data specified in the technical documentation.

10. When acquiring (mortgaging) a separate Residential House, the land plot located under such a house is simultaneously acquired, registered in a mortgage. Ownership of a land plot must be confirmed by the relevant title documents (certificate of ownership, registered land purchase and sale agreement, other agreement), drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation. The original cadastral plan of the land plot must be attached to the document for the land, which must be pledged together with the Residential Building.

10.1. If the land plot is provided on a leasehold basis, then simultaneously with the house, the leasehold rights to the land plot must also be pledged. The lease agreement for a land plot must be concluded for a period not less than the term of the loan agreement, or contain an indication of the extension of the agreement for a new term. If the lease agreement contains a condition on obtaining the consent of the lessor to pledge the rights to lease the land plot, then such consent must be obtained before the conclusion of the pledge agreement, if such a requirement to obtain the consent of the lessor does not contradict the current legislation.

10.2. If the mortgagor does not have the right of ownership or the right to lease the land plot located under the Residential Building, then when lending against the security of the existing housing, such property is not accepted as security.

When lending secured by purchased housing, the Residential House can be accepted as security, provided that the seller of the Residential House has the right to lease the land plot located under the Residential House.

The crisis in the American mortgage market provoked a global crisis in the money market. Many Russian banks found themselves in a difficult position. The lack of financial resources and their widespread rise in prices have led to insufficient funding. As a result, the financial resources of a number of banks allocated for the issuance of mortgage loans were exhausted.

Due to the inability to quickly replenish their potential, many banks hastily tightened lending conditions for mortgage transactions, and some even temporarily abandoned mortgages. A frequent occurrence in today's practice of banks is the delay in the consideration of an application for a loan without explaining the reasons. At the same time, many borrowers who had already received the bank's approval for issuing a loan were faced with the fact of raising the rate on a mortgage loan.

Problems were encountered not only by the banks themselves, but also by potential borrowers who were forced to refuse transactions for the purchase of real estate due to sudden refusals of banks and delays in issuing loans (for more details, see Shevchuk D. A. An apartment on credit without problems. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2008).

It is not uncommon for approved borrowers to wait for their money for two or three or more months. In the context of rising real estate prices, a delay of several months leads to a significant increase in the cost of an apartment (for more details, see the e-book Shevchuk D.A. Mortgage loan: how to get an apartment, http://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_authors/? subject=61041).

Banks, which were less focused on foreign borrowing, relying on their own resources when issuing mortgage loans, continue the process of lending to mortgage borrowers. In general, a sufficient number of banks still offer very competitive conditions, but they raised mortgage rates, significantly increased the down payment and tightened lending conditions (for more details, see Shevchuk D.A. Buying a house and land: step by step. - M .: AST : Astrel, 2008).

A loan broker is essentially a financial lawyer. You can go to court yourself - or you can hire a lawyer, you can get a haircut at home at the mirror yourself - or you can go to a specialist’s hairdresser, someone repairs his Cossack himself - and someone gives his Mercedes to a car service. It is a mistake to think that a loan broker is a magician and distributes loans to everyone. If he is a specialist, has a specialized higher education (and not just courses) and experience of real full-time work in banks (preferably in different and relevant departments in senior positions, and not just internships), then he will significantly increase the likelihood of a positive loan decision (so how a competent lawyer will increase your chances in court and in the preparation of legal documents) and the speed of decision making.

I can add that during a crisis it is useful to spend your free time on self-education, studying economic and legal literature. Bank employees have a habit of getting angry if loan applicants are illiterate in economic and legal matters. A broad outlook allows you to find a common language with bankers faster, because banking has long been considered one of the most highly intelligent professions, some employees have 2-3 higher educations and constantly improve their knowledge.

There are many scammers, who, as a rule, do not have even a minimum experience in banks before, offering a guarantee of 100% obtaining a loan: this is a 100% fraud or an outright crime that will be XNUMX% revealed sooner or later (with corresponding consequences for both the client and the false assistant) . This is clear to any experienced banker. In any bank, business loans and mortgages (and often other types of loans) are issued after the decision of the credit committee, this is a collegiate body, while the client is previously checked by various bank services. One person, even a big boss (unless, of course, this is the owner of the bank) cannot, by definition, make such decisions alone, especially an intermediary. A competent intermediary with full-time experience in banks can significantly increase the likelihood of approval - this is already a reality, but will never guarantee a XNUMX% loan. Its role is educational and lobbying. Credit brokerage is useful to everyone. On the one hand, the broker simplifies the procedure for obtaining a loan for clients, on the other hand, it attracts new "quality" clients to banks (for more details, see www.deniscredit.ru).

The loan broker is your financial advocate. You can go to court yourself - or you can hire a lawyer, you can get a haircut at home at the mirror yourself - or you can go to a specialist’s hairdresser, someone repairs his Cossack himself - and someone gives his Mercedes to a car service. It is a mistake to think that a loan broker is a magician and distributes loans to everyone. If he is a specialist, has a specialized higher education (and not just courses) and experience of real full-time work in banks (preferably in different and relevant departments in managerial positions, and not just internships), then he will significantly increase the likelihood of a positive loan decision (so how a competent lawyer will increase your chances in court and in the preparation of legal documents) and the speed of decision making. It is worth adding that during a crisis it is useful to spend free time on self-education, studying economic and legal literature. Bank employees have a habit of being indignant if loan applicants are illiterate in economic and legal matters. A broad outlook allows you to find a common language with bankers faster, because banking has long been considered one of the most highly intellectual professions, some employees have 2-3 higher educations and constantly improve their knowledge.

An individual approach to each legal entity can be explained by a huge number of variations in the parameters of small and medium-sized businesses in modern Russia. Everything is subject to the attention of credit analysts: from organizational and legal documents of the enterprise itself to lease agreements for premises and utility bills. If you break down the documents into groups, then you can select constituent documents, financial documents, documents confirming the ownership of property provided as security, as well as additional documents confirming the conduct of business (for more details, see the e-book Shevchuk D. A. Business loan : production technologies). Terms of crediting enterprises in each bank are different. Consideration of an application in banks takes from three working days to several weeks, subject to the provision of a complete package of documents, so enterprises wishing to receive a loan must take this fact into account in advance. Often, clients complain that banks take a long time to consider their applications, but from practice I can say that usually such clients do not follow the instructions of the bank and do not fulfill everything that is asked of them on time, thereby themselves delaying the decision-making process on the possibility of lending. Our goal is to simplify the process of finding and obtaining a loan as much as possible.

Questions for the exam / test on the subject "Fundamentals of banking audit"

▪ Standards of auditing activities in the Russian Federation.

▪ Bank audit: essence, necessity, significance.

▪ Goals and objectives of banking audit.

▪ Classification of types of banking control.

▪ Peculiarities of the accounting policy of the credit institution.

▪ Organization of external banking audit. Technology of audit of a credit organization

▪ Peculiarities of certification and licensing for the right to carry out banking audits in Russia.

▪ Tasks and methods of banking supervision.

▪ Goals and objectives of internal control in credit institutions.

▪ Organization of an internal control system in the bank.

▪ The main areas of regulation and supervision of the activities of credit institutions in the Russian Federation.

▪ Registration and licensing of credit organizations.

▪ Checking credit institutions’ compliance with economic standards.

▪ Inspection of the activities of credit institutions.

▪ Checking the constituent documents of a credit institution.

▪ Audit of the bank’s authorized capital.

▪ Audit of the formation and use of bank funds.

▪ Checking the correctness of the calculation of the bank’s own funds.

▪ Rules for the operation of enterprises with cash in the territory of the Russian Federation.

▪ The procedure for conducting inspections of enterprises and banks regarding the organization of cash circulation.

▪ Cash collection.

▪ Audit of bank cash transactions.

▪ Audit of deposit operations of a credit institution.

▪ Deposit operations of legal entities: document flow, possible violations.

▪ Deposit operations of individuals: document flow, possible violations.

▪ Checking compliance with the correct opening of current accounts for bank clients.

▪ The procedure for conducting transactions on correspondent accounts of a credit institution.

▪ Audit of interbank settlements.

▪ The procedure for providing and repaying loans to bank clients.

▪ Credit lines: essence, audit.

▪ The procedure for granting and auditing overdraft loans.

▪ Bill of exchange loans: features of provision and audit.

▪ Audit of bank credit operations.

▪ Assessment of credit risks and audit of the procedure for creating a reserve for possible loan losses.

▪ Organization of accounting in banks.

▪ Bank balance sheet and principles of its construction.

▪ Analytical and synthetic accounting

▪ Documentation of bank operations.

▪ Organization of document flow.

▪ Internal bank control and audit.

▪ Document storage.

▪ The procedure for preparing settlement documents.

▪ Audit of the bank’s brokerage activities.

▪ Audit of the bank's dealer activities.

▪ Checking the procedure for creating and using the reserve for impairment of securities.

▪ Classification of income of a credit institution.

▪ Audit of income of a credit institution.

▪ Classification of expenses of a credit institution.

▪ Audit of expenses of a credit institution.

▪ Audit of the use of profits by a credit institution.

▪ Documents for opening a bank account

▪ Professional and ethical requirements for auditors

▪ Methods and techniques of auditing activities

▪ Types of audit reports

▪ Main areas of banking audit

▪ Audit of foreign exchange transactions of a commercial bank

▪ Tax audit

Terminological dictionary

Notification an instruction to credit or debit funds from bank accounts. A distinction is made between credit advice (money is credited) and debit advice (money is written off).

Holding (tax) a tax credit open to any taxpayer (company or individual) that receives dividends distributed by companies that pay corporate tax.

Letter of credit an instruction to the bank to pay a certain amount to an individual or legal entity upon fulfillment of the conditions specified in the letter of credit.

Enterprise assets property of the enterprise reflected in the asset balance sheet. There are mainly three types of assets:

1) current assets, consisting of monetary capital and funds that can be quickly transformed into cash;

2) fixed capital with a long service life, used by the enterprise in the production of goods and services;

3) other assets, which include intangible assets that do not have a physical form, but are valuable to the enterprise, investments in other companies, long-term securities, deferred expenses and various other assets.

Excise type of indirect tax levied on the price of goods. Excises were widespread already in the XNUMXth century. The development of excise taxation has led to the emergence of a universal excise tax in the form of turnover tax, sales tax, value added tax. There are individual excises (for certain types and groups of goods) and universal (for example, value added tax).

Joint-stock company a company that is a legal entity whose capital consists of contributions from shareholders and founders. A form of organization of production based on raising funds through the sale of shares. There are closed and open joint-stock companies.

Share capital share capital of a joint-stock company, the amount of which is determined by its charter. It is formed at the expense of borrowed funds and the issue (issue) of shares.

Promotion a security issued by a joint-stock company, giving the right to its owner, a member of the joint-stock company, to participate in its management and receive dividends from profits.

Share nominal share with the indication of its owner. Distributed by open subscription. It can be simple and privileged.

ordinary share a share with a non-fixed dividend, the amount of which is determined by the general meeting of shareholders after paying a fixed percentage to holders of preferred shares.

Bearer share a share containing the name of its holder. It can be simple and privileged.

Preferred share a share whose dividend is fixed in the form of a fixed percentage paid as a matter of priority, regardless of the size of the company's profit. This share does not give the right to vote, its owner does not participate in the management of the company.

Amnesty (tax) a set of measures to pay off debts on tax and other obligatory payments by taxpayers, as well as exemption from fines and penalties from the amounts of payments voluntarily paid by them to the budget and off-budget state funds.

Depreciation funds financial resources allocated by a special purpose for the preservation and renewal of the fixed assets of the enterprise.

Sinking fund funds intended for simple and extended reproduction of fixed assets.

Depreciation the gradual transfer of the value of fixed assets to the products or services produced with their help; targeted accumulation of funds and their subsequent use to compensate for depreciated fixed assets.

Rent property lease based on an agreement on the provision of property for temporary use for a certain fee.

Audit control is an independent non-departmental financial control carried out by an audit firm that has a license to carry out audit activities. The main task establishing the reliability, completeness and reality of accounting and financial reporting and compliance with financial legislation.

Balance the main comprehensive accounting document containing information on the composition and valuation of the enterprise's funds (assets) and the sources of their coverage (liability).

Balance sheet profit the total amount of profit of the enterprise for all types of activities, reflected in its balance sheet.

Bank loan a loan issued in the form of cash loans to business entities and other borrowers.

Bankruptcy a concept meaning ruin, the refusal of an enterprise to pay its debt obligations due to lack of funds. As a rule, it leads to the closure or forced liquidation of the enterprise, the sale of property to pay off all debts.

Non-cash money turnover part of the money turnover, in which the movement of money is carried out in the form of transfers to accounts in credit institutions and offsets of mutual claims.

Business plan the program of the enterprise, a plan of specific measures to achieve the specific goals of its activities, including an assessment of the expected costs and income. Developed on the basis of marketing research.

Exchange rate the selling price of a security on the stock exchange.

Budget a form of formation and spending of a fund of funds intended for financial support of the tasks and functions of the state and local self-government.

Budget classification of the Russian Federationgrouping of incomes and expenses of budgets of all levels with assignment to objects of classification of grouping codes.

The budget system of the Russian Federation based on economic relations and the state structure of the Russian Federation, regulated by the rules of law, the totality of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets and budgets of state off-budget funds.

budget loan budgetary funds allocated to another budget on a returnable, gratuitous or reimbursable basis for a period not exceeding six months within a financial year.

budget planning centralized distribution and redistribution of the value of the gross social product and national income between the links of the budget system on the basis of a national socio-economic program for the development of the country in the process of drawing up and executing budgets and extra-budgetary funds of various levels.

budget law a set of legal norms that determine the foundations of the country's budget structure and the procedure for drawing up, reviewing, approving and executing budgets included in the country's budget system.

Budget regulation redistribution of funds in order to provide the territorial budgets with the minimum required level of income directed to the economic and social development of the territories.

budget device organization and principles of building the budget system, its structure, the relationship between individual links. Determined by government. In unitary (single, merged) states, the budget system includes two links: the state budget and numerous local budgets, which, with their incomes and expenditures, are not included in the state budget. In federal states, the budget system includes three links: the state and federal budgets, and the budgets of the members of the federation.

Budget appropriations funds from budgets of different levels directed to the development of the economy, financing of social and cultural events, defense of the country, maintenance of public authorities and administration.

Budget Process activity of public authorities, local self-government bodies and participants in the budget process in the preparation and consideration of draft budgets, draft budgets of state extra-budgetary funds, approval and execution of budgets and budgets of state extra-budgetary funds, as well as control over their execution.

Gross revenue the full amount of cash receipts from the sale of marketable products, works, services and material assets.

Gross income characterizes the final result of the enterprise and is the difference between gross revenue and all costs of production and sales of products.

Gross profit the part of the gross income of the enterprise, which remains with him after the deduction of all obligatory expenses.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a generalizing macroeconomic indicator that reflects the total market value of final products and services produced in the country, regardless of the nationality of legal entities and individuals operating in its national economy for a certain period of time. GDP - modification of another macroeconomic indicator gross national product (GNP), from which it differs by the value of the balance of settlements with foreign countries.

Gross income the difference between the company's revenue from the sale of products and the material costs of production. Includes wages and profits or wages and net income. In other words, gross income differs from net income by the amount of wages.

A bill of exchange is a type of security, a written promissory note of an established form, which gives its owner (the bill holder) the unconditional right to demand from the drawer the unconditional payment of a specified amount of money by a certain date. There are simple and transferable (draft) bills. A promissory note is issued by the debtor, and a transferable one, used in foreign trade lending, creditor.

venture firm a commercial scientific and technical firm engaged in the development and implementation of new technologies and products with an indefinite income in advance (risky capital investment).

Venture funding provision of financial resources for innovation activities; financing of scientific and technical research.

Extrabudgetary special funds - Funds that have a strictly designated purpose. Their goal is to expand social services to the population, stimulate the development of backward infrastructure sectors, and provide priority sectors of the economy with additional resources. The most important social funds: Pension Fund, Social Insurance Fund, Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, State Employment Fund.

External debt liabilities arising in foreign currency.

Domestic debt liabilities arising in the currency of the Russian Federation.

A guarantee obligation, or an order, is a form of securing a bank loan. State regulation legally formalized system of external influence on the enterprise.

Government funding the method of irrevocable provision of financial resources to business entities at the expense of budgetary and non-budgetary funds. Through state financing, there is a purposeful redistribution of financial resources between business entities.

Government revenue monetary relations to mobilize financial resources at the disposal of state structures. Three main methods of mobilizing state revenues are used: taxes, state loans, issue (paper money and credit).

State loans - economic relations between the state, on the one hand, and legal entities and individuals on the other hand, in which the state acts as a borrower.

State minimum social standards the minimum necessary levels of guarantees of social protection established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, ensuring the satisfaction of the most important human needs.

Government spending monetary relations associated with the use of centralized and decentralized public funds for various needs of the state. Public expenditures are financed in three forms: self-financing, budget financing, credit security.

public finance the sphere of monetary relations regarding the distribution and redistribution of the value of the social product and part of the national wealth, associated with the formation of financial resources at the disposal of the state and its enterprises and the use of public funds for the costs of expanding production, meeting the growing socio-cultural needs of members of society, the needs of the country's defense and government controlled. Public finances operate at the federal, regional and local levels and include the budget, off-budget funds, state credit, finances of state and municipal enterprises.

The state budget - the main financial plan of the state, having the force of law; approved by the legislative authorities - parliaments. In Russia, it is approved by the State Duma and the Federation Council and signed by the President of the Russian Federation. Expresses economic monetary relations that mediate the process of formation and use of a centralized fund of state funds. The state budget is the main tool for the redistribution of national income.

State off-budget fund the form of formation and spending of funds generated outside the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

State loan monetary relations arising from the state with legal entities and individuals in connection with the mobilization of temporarily free funds at the disposal of public authorities and their use to finance public expenditures. The main forms of public credit are loans and treasury loans.

State or municipal loan transfer to the ownership of the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal formation of funds that the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal formation undertakes to return in the same amount with the payment of interest (fee) on the loan amount.

State or municipal debt obligations arising from state or municipal loans assumed by the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipality, guarantees for obligations of third parties, other obligations, as well as obligations of third parties assumed by the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipality.

State financial control control by the authorities and administration of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as specially created control bodies (the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties, etc.) over compliance with legislation in the field of state budgets and extra-budgetary funds, taxes, financial activities of state institutions and enterprises, organization of cash settlements, accounting and reporting.

Debtor a person who has received a product or service but has not yet paid for it.

Receivables accounts receivable of the amount due to the enterprise from buyers for goods and services sold on credit. In the balance sheet of the enterprise are recorded as current assets.

Devaluation official depreciation of the national currency against foreign currencies.

Monetary unit a legally established banknote that serves to measure and express the prices of all goods and services, which is an element of the monetary system.

Money supply a set of purchasing, payment and accumulated funds serving economic relations and owned by individuals and legal entities, as well as the state. The change in the money supply is measured by monetary aggregates.

Dumping a practice used in international trade whereby a product in an export market is sold at a price lower than the domestic price of that market in order to suppress competitors.

Infrastructure a complex of branches of the economy serving industrial (or any other) production, as well as the population. Includes transport, communications, trade, logistics, science, education, health care.

Mortgage leasing real estate, land as collateral for obtaining a mortgage loan.

Capital value put into circulation for profit.

working capital part of the capital directed to the formation of working capital and returned within one production cycle.

fixed capital part of the capital aimed at the formation of fixed production assets and participating in production for a long time.

capital construction the process of creating and improving fixed assets through the construction of new ones, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment and modernization of existing ones.

Capital investment costs of material, labor and financial resources aimed at the restoration and growth of fixed assets.

Clearing system of non-cash payments for goods, securities and services. Based on the offset of mutual requirements and obligations.

Commercial Bank a credit institution licensed to carry out banking operations for the purpose of making a profit.

commercial loan a commodity form of credit arising from a deferred payment, a debt obligation issued by a bill of exchange.

Commercial calculation the method of managing the economy, which consists in comparing the costs and results of activities in monetary form; Its goal is to maximize profits at the lowest cost. Commercial calculation implies the obligatory receipt of profit and a level of profitability sufficient to continue managing.

Conversion reorientation of the enterprise to the production of products of a fundamentally different type.

Currency convertibility is the ability of one currency to be exchanged for another currency. Competitiveness the ability to carry out their activities in a market economy and at the same time receive a profit sufficient for the scientific and technical improvement of production, stimulating employees and maintaining products at a high quality level.

Consolidated budget a set of budgets for all levels of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation in the relevant territory.

Controlling stake share of the total value (number) of shares, allowing their owners to control the activities of the entire joint stock company.

Concernassociation of independent enterprises of various industries related to joint developments through a system of participation, patent and license agreements, financing, and close industrial cooperation.

Concession permission by one state to other states, their firms and individuals to conduct production and operational activities in accordance with the concession agreement. The concession agreement may provide for the commissioning by the state for a fee not only of enterprises, but mainly of land with the right to extract minerals.

Indirect taxes taxes levied as a surcharge on the price of goods.

Current assets cash and assets that can be converted into cash in the near future or will be used in the near future, usually within a year.

Short-term liabilities liabilities that mature within a short period of time, usually within one year.

Short-term financial investments financial investments calculated for a short period, highly liquid securities, including short-term government treasury bills, bonds, shares, temporary financial assistance to other enterprises, certificates of deposit, received short-term bills.

Credit the movement of loan capital, carried out on the basis of security, urgency, repayment and payment. Performs the functions of redistribution of funds between economic entities; contributes to saving distribution costs; accelerates the concentration and centralization of capital and stimulates scientific and technological progress.

Credit card a nominal monetary document issued by a credit institution, which certifies the presence of a client account in this institution and gives the right to purchase goods and services in a retail trade network without paying in cash.

loan money money generated by the development of credit relations and expressing the relationship between creditors and borrowers. These include bills, banknotes, checks, bank credit cards.

loans one of the forms of financial support for reproduction costs, in which the expenses of a business entity are covered by bank loans provided on the basis of payment, urgency and repayment.

Accounts payable debt arising from settlements with suppliers; temporary use of the creditor's funds in the enterprise's cash flow.

Solvency crisis mutual non-payments of enterprises caused by a shortage of cash or non-cash money supply.

Coupon a cut-off coupon of a security (shares, bonds), giving its owner the right to receive at a specified time a certain income in the form of interest and dividends.

The price of shares, bonds and other securities the price of a share, other securities on the stock exchange. The rate is directly proportional to the size of the dividend, interest and is inversely related to the size of the loan interest.

Liquidity of assets the reciprocal of the time required to convert them into money. The less time it takes to turn assets into money, the more liquid they are.

Liquidity of the company's balance sheet the degree of coverage of the obligations of the enterprise by its assets, the period of transformation of which into money corresponds to the maturity of the obligations.

Enterprise liquidity the ability of a business entity to make the necessary expenses at any time.

Capital investment limit the maximum amount of capital investments for the planned commissioning of capacities or for the creation of regulatory reserves for capital construction.

Lending limit the maximum amount of a loan or debt balance in the planning period.

License special permission for a legal entity of authorized state bodies to carry out specific business transactions specified by law, including foreign trade (export and import).

Health insurance form of social protection of the interests of the population in health protection; related to the compensation of citizens' expenses for medical care and other expenses for maintaining health.

Medical insurance is a form of social protection of the population's interests in health protection. Guarantees citizens to receive medical care in the event of an insured event. Comes in two forms mandatory and voluntary.

Local taxes and fees taxes and fees established by the representative bodies of local self-government independently in accordance with federal laws.

local finance a set of funds generated and used to resolve issues of local importance.

Local budget the budget of the municipality, the formation, approval and execution of which is carried out by local governments.

Overheads the costs of economic maintenance of production and enterprise management, which are additional to the main costs and, along with them, are included in production costs.

Cash circulation - the movement of cash in the sphere of circulation and the performance of two functions by them: means of circulation and means of payment. Tax the obligatory contribution of the payer to the budget and extra-budgetary funds in the amounts determined by law and within the established time limits. It expresses the monetary relations that have developed between the state and legal entities and individuals in connection with the redistribution of national income and the mobilization of financial resources to the budgetary and non-budgetary funds of the state.

Tax system a set of different types of taxes, in the construction and calculation methods of which certain principles are implemented. Consists of direct and indirect taxes; the direct ones are set directly on the income or property of the taxpayer, the latter are included in the form of a surcharge in the price of the goods (tariff for the service) and are paid by the consumer. As part of indirect taxes, there are: excises, fiscal monopolies, customs duties.

Tax holidays a certain period of time during which the payer is granted a benefit in the form of exemption from paying tax.

Tax breaks full or partial exemption of taxpayers from paying taxes in accordance with applicable law.

tax control specialized control by state bodies over compliance with tax laws, the correctness of calculations, the completeness and timeliness of paying taxes and other obligatory payments by legal entities and individuals.

Tax credit one of the tax benefits, consisting in the deferral of tax collection.

Nominal the face or principal value (as opposed to market value) indicated on a stock, bond, bill, coupon, banknote, or other instrument.

Par value of a share share in the share capital of the company, indicated on the front side of the share.

Depreciation rate percentage of the cost of fixed capital, which is annually included in the cost of manufactured products (services).

Security of credit types and forms of guaranteed obligations of the borrower to the creditor (bank) to reimburse the amount of borrowed funds (credit) in cases of their possible non-repayment by the borrower.

Bonds interest-bearing securities. They are issued by state bodies to cover the budget deficit and by joint-stock companies in order to raise capital. Unlike stocks, bonds have a maturity date.

Government bonds short- and long-term securities issued by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation to raise funds from investors and to fulfill the functions of the state.

Savings bonds government securities issued to raise funds from investors, but intended primarily for placement among the public.

Current assets - funds advanced to working capital and circulation funds. Working capital assets are represented by such assets as raw materials, materials, fuel, containers, work in progress, deferred expenses, etc.; circulation funds in goods (in the warehouse and in shipment) and in cash (at the cash desk of the enterprise, on its current account and other accounts, in settlements).

Working capital the share of the company's capital invested in current assets, in fact, all current assets. Net working capital is the difference between current assets and current (short-term) liabilities.

debt service payment of interest and repayment of the principal amount of the debt for a certain reporting period.

Return on capital investment an indicator of the effectiveness of capital investments, defined as the ratio of capital investments to the economic effect obtained from their use in the production process.

Operational management management of the property of an enterprise financed by the owner.

Salary form of monetary or in-kind remuneration of employees.

Wholesale (selling) price the wholesale price of an enterprise or the price of a manufacturer of products at which goods are sold to other enterprises and organizations.

Option the right to buy or sell shares at a fixed price within a specified period.

Fixed non-productive assets Durable items that serve non-productive consumption in society. These include residential buildings, clinics, clubs, sanatoriums, stadiums, etc., which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Basic production assets means of labor (buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, vehicles, etc.), with the help of which products are manufactured. They serve a long time, retain their natural form during the production process and transfer their value to the finished product in parts, as they wear out. Replenished through capital investments.

Fixed assets cash invested in fixed assets for production and non-production purposes.

Residual value the difference between the initial cost of fixed assets and the amount of the contribution, the amount that the company expects to receive from the sale of assets (fixed capital) at the end of their useful life.

Deferred payment the portion of the agreed price that will be paid at a predetermined time in the future.

Offshore limited territories in which there are especially preferential economic conditions. Just like "tax havens", they are a kind of free economic zones.

Fund valuation value expression of funds used in financial statements.

Order of payments the established sequence of debiting funds from the company's account in the presence of several urgent and overdue payments and insufficiency of funds for their full repayment.

Pension guaranteed monthly payment of sums of money for the material security of citizens in connection with old age, disability, length of service and death of the breadwinner.

Bill of exchange (draft) a written order of one person (the drawer) to another person (payer) on the payment, on demand or on a certain date, of the amount of money indicated in the bill to a third party (beneficiary) or the bearer of this bill.

Capital switching termination of funding in one area of activity and the opening of funding for new areas of activity.

Revaluation of funds change in the valuation of funds under the influence of price and other factors that determine the conditions for reproduction.

Reinsurance a special form of insurance that allows you to distribute large risks among many insurance organizations.

payback the time required for the amount invested in a particular project to be fully returned from the funds received as a result of the main activities of this project.

Planning a process that ensures a balanced interaction of individual types of resources within the selected management object, establishing proportions and growth rates.

Payment order a settlement document issued by the payer containing an instruction to the bank to transfer a certain amount of money from the payer's account to the recipient's account; used in settlements for commodity and non-commodity transactions, advance payments.

Payment request settlement document issued by the supplier, containing an instruction to the bank to receive the amount of money due to it from the payer on the basis of relevant documents evidencing the transactions performed.

Payment request-order a settlement document issued by a supplier containing a requirement for the buyer to pay, on the basis of settlement and shipping documents sent to the payer's servicing bank, the cost of products delivered under the contract, work performed, services rendered.

Payment balance the ratio of payments made by the country abroad, and the receipts received by it from abroad for a certain period of time (month, quarter, half year, year). It includes the balance of trade, which reflects the ratio of the value of exports and imports of goods of the country for the corresponding period, the balance of services and non-commercial payments. Together they form the balance of payments for current operations. The country's general balance of payments forms the balance of payments for current operations and the balance of movement of capital and creditors, as well as the movement of gold and foreign exchange reserves. The overall balance of payments in Russia in recent years is negative, which is explained by the negative balance in the balance of capital and credit flows between countries.

Payment turnover the totality of all monetary payments in the country's economy.

Contract a contract under which one party (contractor) undertakes, at its own risk, to perform specific work on behalf of the other party (customer).

Portfolio the totality of securities owned by the enterprise at a specific date; result of financial investments.

Securities portfolio investments in securities of various types, duration and liquidity, managed as a whole.

Allowance regular or lump-sum cash payment provided to citizens of the country in connection with temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, for child care, etc.

Duty one of the types of indirect taxes.

Preference a privilege or provision of a special tax regime for a group of economic entities, allowing them not to bear part of their tax obligations for a specified period of time.

Profit the final financial result of the enterprise; defined as the difference between revenue and costs.

Privatization the process of changing property relations when transferring a state enterprise to other forms of ownership, including collective, joint-stock and private.

preferred share a share that gives the holder priority rights over the holder of common stock to receive dividends immediately after the payment of interest on bonds and loans. It usually has a limited fixed dividend and no voting rights.

Lending principles urgency, payment, repayment and material security of the loan.

Production capacity the maximum possible output of products with the most complete and rational use of fixed production and circulating assets, as well as financial resources.

Promissory note an unconditional monetary obligation of the form established by law, issued by a bank (drawer) to an individual or legal entity (bill holder), giving the latter the right to require the borrower to pay by a certain date the amount of money specified in the bill.

Prospectus a document containing the necessary information on the issue of securities subject to registration in the prescribed manner.

Budget surplus excess of budget revenues over its expenditures.

Denationalization - transfer of state property to its other forms. If denationalization is expressed in the acquisition by citizens of state and municipal enterprises as private property, as well as in the creation of a joint-stock company, then this is privatization.

Budget expenditures economic relations related to the distribution of the state's fund of funds and its use for sectoral, departmental, targeted and territorial purposes. The costs of financing the national economy, social and cultural activities (education, health care, social security), national defense, the maintenance of government and law enforcement agencies, the cost of public domestic debt, the cost of providing financial support to the territories, etc. are included.

Checking account an account opened by banks for legal entities to store funds and make settlements.

Economic regulation purposeful change in the pace of development of the national economy and its individual structural units on the basis of the redistribution of financial resources.

Regulatory income federal and regional taxes and other payments for which the federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation establish the rates of deductions (as a percentage) to local budgets for the coming financial year.

Reserve fund target source created by regular deductions from the profits of the enterprise. These funds should be in highly liquid assets.

Complaint a claim made by the buyer to the seller in connection with the non-compliance of the quality and / or quantity of the delivered goods with the terms of the contract.

Profitability one of the main cost indicators of production efficiency. It characterizes the level of return on costs invested in the production process and sales of products, work and services.

External debt restructuring extension of the maturity of the debt and the payment of interest on it.

Fiscal debt restructuring determination of the total debt to the budget, determination of the terms of its repayment, control and observance during this period of mandatory terms for the payment of current payments to the budgets and extra-budgetary funds.

Budget painting the main operational plan for the distribution of income-expenditures by subdivisions of the budget classification, in which the deadlines for the receipt of taxes and other payments and the expenditure of budgetary funds during the year are indicated.

Market value the amount that can be obtained by selling assets (property) on the market.

self-insurance a set of measures aimed at preventing risks, creating reserve funds of material and financial resources, etc.

Self-financing one of the methods of financial support for reproduction costs, based on the use of economic entities' own financial resources. In case of insufficiency of own funds, enterprises use financial resources attracted on the basis of issuing securities.

Reorganization of the enterprise a set of measures to improve the financial condition of the enterprise and prevent bankruptcy.

Savings bank a credit and financial institution designed to accumulate the savings of the population and the funds of enterprises and their effective placement for profit.

Free market economy such an economic system in which the distribution of resources is determined not by the state, but by decisions made at the level of individual entrepreneurs or enterprises.

Free market a market in which government regulation has no effect on the balance of supply and demand.

Production cost total costs for the production and sale of products.

Sequestration a proportional reduction in public spending on all budget items (except for protected ones) during the time remaining until the end of the year.

Price system a set of different types of prices (wholesale, purchase, retail, etc.) that are closely interconnected and interdependent.

Estimate a financial document containing information on the formation and expenditure of funds in accordance with their intended purpose.

Estimated expenses and income financial plan of the institution (organization) carrying out non-commercial activities.

Estimated funding method of covering the costs of institutions and organizations in accordance with the approved estimate.

Mixed (limited) partnership organizational and legal form of a commercial organization based on an agreement between participants who are general partners and limited partners.

Property legal relations arising from the possession, use and disposal of property.

Own revenues of territorial budgets regional and local taxes and fees, deductions from taxes of higher budgets transferred to regional and local budgets on a permanent basis in a firmly fixed share.

Social Security a system of distribution relations, in the process of which public funds of funds are formed and used at the expense of a part of the national income for the material provision of citizens in old age, due to disability, in the event of loss of a breadwinner and in other cases established by law.

Social insurance a system of economic relations through which funds are formed and spent, intended for the material support of the disabled.

Funds for mutual settlements amounts received by local budgets or transferred from local budgets to the budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in connection with changes in revenues and expenditures of local budgets arising as a result of decisions taken by state authorities and not taken into account when approving the relevant budgets;

Subvention budgetary funds provided to the budget of another level of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation or to a legal entity on a gratuitous and irrevocable basis for the implementation of certain targeted expenditures;

Subsidy budgetary funds provided to the budget of another level of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation, to an individual or legal entity on the terms of shared financing of targeted expenses;

Loan interest - the price of credit funds in the loan capital market for their consumer properties bring income (profit) to the user of the loan (borrower).

Stagnation the state of the economy, characterized by the stagnation of economic activity for a sufficiently long period of time.

Stagflation the state of the national economy of the country, characterized by the simultaneous interweaving of a protracted weakening of economic activity (stagnation) with inflation.

Insurance a system of special, redistributive relations that arise between the participants of the insurance fund in connection with its formation at the expense of earmarked cash contributions and the use of a business entity to compensate for damages and provide assistance to citizens (or their families) in the event of insured events in their lives (reaching a certain age, loss disability, death, etc.). There are: property insurance, the object of which are various material values; personal insurance, which is based on events in the life of individuals; liability insurance, the subject of which is the possible obligations of the insured to compensate for damage (harm) to third parties; business risk insurance, where the object is the risk of non-profit or loss.

Sum insured the amount of money for which the property, life and health of citizens are actually insured.

Insurance compensation the amount paid by the insurer for property insurance and liability insurance to cover damage in the event of an insured event.

Insurance tariff the rate of insurance payments expressed in rubles and kopecks per unit of the sum insured for a certain period.

Customs - taxes levied on the import, export and transportation of goods through the territory of a given state. The following rates of customs duties are used: ad valorem - determined as a percentage of the customs value of goods; specific - established in a fixed amount per unit of goods; combined combining elements of ad valorem and specific customs duties.

Rate a kind of price, a fee charged by an organization from enterprises, organizations and the population for services (household, utilities, transport, etc.).

Current expenses costs incurred in the process of producing products and providing services for profit and attributed to this reporting year.

Current financial management a field of activity aimed at the current financial support of entrepreneurship; a form of managing the process of formation and use of cash funds, making current payments and settlements.

Territorial budgets the totality of the budgets of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, territories, regions, national districts, districts, cities, towns, rural settlements.

Territorial off-budget funds a set of funds mobilized by regional and local authorities to finance measures for the economic and social development of territories.

Territorial finance a system of economic relations through which the national income is distributed and redistributed for the economic and social development of the territories. This is a set of funds at the disposal of regional government bodies and local governments.

Territorial consolidated financial balance a system of financial indicators characterizing the creation and use of financial resources in the territory for a certain period.

Commodity exchange a specially organized market where mass goods are bought and sold. On the commodity exchange, both spot transactions (delivery of cash goods immediately or in a very short time), and transactions for delivery at a certain place and by a certain date in the future (forward contracts), as well as futures contracts can be concluded.

Trade margin part of the retail price of a product that provides reimbursement for current costs and profits for retailers.

Transfer price wholesale price serving the turnover of goods and services within a given enterprise or firm; at this price, payments are made for raw materials, semi-finished products and services.

Transfer payments transfer payments, one of the forms of redistribution of state budget funds.

Trust (trust) operations associated with relationships by proxy: inheritance management, performance of operations by proxy and in connection with guardianship, agency services.

Charter an official document confirming the legality of the creation of a company, containing the nature and rules of its activities, the basics of relationships between members, etc.

Discount rate the rate of interest charged by the Central Bank when lending to commercial banks.

Constituent documents documents that serve as the basis for the establishment of a newly created enterprise, company, joint-stock company and their registration in the prescribed manner.

Factoring a kind of trading and commission operations, combined with lending to the client's working capital.

Federalism (budgetary) a legislatively adopted norm of equal (partnership) relations between the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the formation of budget revenues at all levels due to the optimal combination of their tax potential, financial, economic, social functions performed and existing socially necessary needs.

Financial Information - a system of financial indicators intended for decision-making and designed for specific users. Financial statements are a set of documents containing information about financial performance.

Financial Policy the activities of the state, the enterprise for the purposeful use of finance. The content of the financial policy includes: the development of concepts for the development of finance, the definition of the main directions of their use and the development of measures aimed at achieving the goals set.

Financial system a term used to denote essentially different concepts:

a) a set of spheres and links of financial relations interconnected. In this meaning, the country’s financial system includes three large areas: finance of enterprises, institutions, organizations; insurance; public finances. Each of them consists of links;

b) the totality of the country’s financial institutions, which include financial authorities and all structural divisions of the State Tax Service.

Financial strategy a set of measures aimed at achieving long-term financial goals.

Financial and industrial group a group of enterprises, institutions, credit organizations (including banks) and investment institutions that pooled their capital on a voluntary basis or consolidated their stakes.

Financial support of the reproductive process covering costs at the expense of financial resources accumulated by business entities and the state. It is carried out in three forms: self-financing, lending and public funding.

Financial planning planning of financial resources and cash funds.

Financial condition of the enterprise security or insecurity of the enterprise with funds to ensure its economic activity.

Financial ratios relative indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise, which express the relationship of some absolute financial indicators to others.

Financial results the process of obtaining financial resources associated with the production and sale of goods, operations in the capital market.

Financial resources cash income, savings and receipts, formed in the hands of economic entities and the state and intended for the purpose of expanded reproduction, material incentives for workers, satisfaction of social needs, defense and public administration needs. They are material carriers of financial relations. Used in stock and non-stock forms.

financial funds monetary funds formed at the expense of financial resources. The purpose of financial funds is to prepare conditions that ensure the satisfaction of constantly changing social needs.

financial apparatus - bodies responsible for financial management. These include the highest legislative bodies - the Federal Assembly and its two chambers.

The State Duma and the Federation Council, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and its local bodies, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Dues, the Federal Tax Police Service, the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, financial departments and departments at enterprises of various forms of ownership that perform the functions of operational financial management.

Financial control an element of the financial management system, a special sphere of cost control over the financial activities of all economic entities (the state, territorial administrative entities, enterprises and organizations), compliance with financial and economic legislation, the expediency of production costs, and the economic efficiency of financial and economic operations.

financial leasing characterized by a long contract period (from 5 to 10 years) and depreciation of all or most of the cost of equipment. In fact, financial leasing is a form of long-term lending.

Financial management - the process of managing cash flow, the formation and use of financial resources of enterprises. It is also a system of forms, methods and techniques, with the help of which the management of money circulation and financial resources is carried out.

financial mechanism - a set of forms of organization of financial relations, methods (ways) of formation and use of financial resources used by society in order to create favorable conditions for the economic and social development of society. In accordance with the structure of the financial system, the financial mechanism is divided into the financial mechanism of enterprises (organizations, institutions), the insurance mechanism, the budgetary mechanism, etc. In each of them, according to the functional purpose, the following links can be distinguished: mobilization of financial resources, financing, stimulation, etc. .

Financial report a report that provides information on the financial position of the enterprise, its income, costs and net profit, the use of financial resources for a certain period of time.

Financial market the market in which capitals and credits circulate. The financial market is divided into the market of short-term capital and the market of long-term loan capital.

Finance a system of economic relations in the process of which the formation, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized funds of funds take place in order to fulfill the functions and tasks of the state and provide conditions for expanding reproduction, meeting the social needs of society.

Compensation Fund target source of financing for simple reproduction.

accumulation fund target source of financing for expanded reproduction, the use of which increases the assets of the enterprise.

payroll fund target source of financing for labor costs, payment of bonuses, remunerations attributable to cost.

Capital-labor ratio the indicator of the equipping of fixed production assets (the size of fixed production assets per one employee or worker of the enterprise).

capital intensity return on capital ratio. It is calculated as the ratio of the value of fixed production assets to the volume of production.

futures urgent contact, urgent deal.

holding company a joint-stock company that uses its capital to acquire controlling interests in other companies for the purpose of managing, managing and receiving dividends.

Securities monetary documents evidencing the provision of a loan (bonds) or the acquisition by the owner of the security of the right to a part of the property (share). In terms of economic content, securities represent long-term obligations of the issuer to pay income to the owner of the security in the form of a dividend or fixed interest. There are two types: equity (stocks) and debt (bonds).

Check a type of security, a monetary document of a strictly established form, containing an order from the account holder (drawer) to pay a certain person or the bearer of a check (check holder) the amount specified in it.

Economic instrument economic category, deliberately, purposefully used in the interests of business entities and the state. It can have a quantitative and qualitative impact on social production.

Economic stimulus an economic lever, with the help of which it is possible to influence the material interests of business entities. The influence on material interests occurs through the forms of organization of financial relations.

Entity an enterprise acting as a subject of citizenship, including economic rights and obligations, having an independent balance sheet, a stamp seal and a bank account, acting on the basis of a charter or regulation and liable in case of bankruptcy with its property.

Author: Shevchuk D.A.

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Asustor AS3102T and AS3104T NAS with 4K video support 17.10.2015

Asustor, a developer and supplier of NAS storage, has announced the release of new models of NAS 31 series. This line includes two NAS - AS3102T (two-bay) and AS3104T (four-bay) with a maximum storage capacity of 12 TB and 24 TB, respectively .

New items are compact in size. A sliding panel and special screws allow you to install and replace hard drives without the use of tools. The 31 Series NAS is powered by a 2-core Intel Braswell N3050 processor clocked at 1,6GHz, capable of handling multiple tasks simultaneously. In addition, the devices support AES-NI hardware encryption, which ensures data protection without significant performance degradation, the company noted. Data transfer speeds are up to 110 MB / s when reading and 112 MB / s when writing in RAID 1 mode. New items are equipped with 2 GB of built-in dual-channel SO-DIMM DDR3L memory, support for Seamless System Migration, RAID arrays (in Single, JBOD and RAID 0/1 for AS3102T and Single, JBOD and RAID 0/1/5 for AS3104T).

"Using enterprise-grade components and dual-channel memory, Asustor's 31 Series NAS delivers smooth video playback," said Johnny Chen, product manager at Asustor. video".

Asustor 31 Series NAS Models: AS3102T and AS3104T According to Asustor, the 31 Series NAS has an HDMI output and an IR receiver, which, combined with additional applications from App Central, expands the multimedia potential of NAS. In particular, the user can install LooksGood to enjoy watching videos from the NAS over the Internet or interact with digital TV. The application also supports Hyper-Transcoding technology, which speeds up the process of transcoding multimedia files. With it, the 31-series NAS is capable of converting streaming video in real time, which can be used to reduce the load on the network and the playback device.

For users with a particular focus on collecting photos and music, SoundsGood and Photo Gallery apps are designed to improve the user experience of the NAS.

The AS3102T and AS3104T have a 2.5-year warranty and come with the ADM 3102 operating system pre-installed. The AS3104 NAS is now available for purchase. Model ASXNUMX will go on sale at the end of October.

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