Banking audit. Audit of foreign exchange transactions of a commercial bank (the most important)

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Banking audit. Audit of foreign exchange transactions of a commercial bank (the most important)

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56. Audit of foreign exchange operations of a commercial bank

First of all, you need to make sure that the bank has a license from the Central Bank of Russia to carry out operations in foreign currency. Revaluation of foreign currency "Regulations on the procedure for accounting for foreign exchange transactions in credit institutions" No. 290 dated 10 All transactions performed by the bank in foreign currency should be reflected in the daily bank balance sheet only in rubles. In analytical accounting, transactions are reflected in double valuation - in rubles and the corresponding foreign currency. Assets and liabilities of banks are converted into rubles at the official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia on the relevant date. When a bank buys a currency at a rate below the official rate or sells it above the official rate of the Bank of Russia, a commercial bank receives income in the form of a realized exchange rate difference between the Central Bank rate and the transaction rate. When buying a currency at a rate higher than the official one, as well as when selling it at a rate lower than the official one, the bank incurs expenses in the form of exchange rate difference. revaluation procedure. The bank's income and expenses, as well as dividends on shares received or paid in foreign currency, are reflected in the balance sheet at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of receipt or payment and are not subsequently reassessed. Retained earnings and funds of banks are recorded only in rubles. Previously formed profits and funds in foreign currencies are accounted for at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia as of 06 and are not re-evaluated in the future. Accounts that include capital investments (completed and incomplete) paid for foreign currency (exchange rate as of the date of receipt or signing of the act of acceptance) are not subject to revaluation. Previously formed contributions to the statutory fund in foreign currency are accounted for in double valuation in foreign currency and in rubles at the rate established by the meeting of shareholders or shareholders, and are not revalued. Accounts 96, 01, 07 and 96 in terms of shares and shares of residents acquired for foreign currency are not revalued and are accounted for at ruble par value. Accounts accounted for as of July 508, 509 as foreign currency accounts are converted into rubles based on the par value of shares in rubles. The resulting exchange rate differences are transferred to account 601 or 602. All other balance accounts are revalued as the official exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation changes.

The revaluation of a part of the bank's assets and liabilities is carried out in correspondence with account 61306 or 61406 "Revaluation of funds in foreign currency - positive (negative) exchange differences". The balance of account 61306 shall be closed on the last working day of the year to account 701, of account 61406 to account 702. Off-balance accounts for accounting for claims and liabilities of the bank in foreign currency are subject to revaluation with a change in the official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia. An increase in the ruble equivalent is posted to the corresponding account as an income, a decrease - as an expense. Revaluation transactions: revaluation of active accounts positive exchange difference Dt act of accounts Kt 61306 negative exchange difference Dt 61406 Kt act. accounts revaluation of passive accounts positive exchange difference Dt 61306 Kt pass. accounts negative exchange rate Dt pass. accounts Kt 61406 transfer of the debit balance of account 61306 to account 61406 Dt 61406 Kt 61306 transfer of the credit balance of account 61406 to account 61306 Dt 61406 Kt 61306 closing of account 61306 for income at the end of the reporting period Dt 61306 Kt 701 closing of account 61406 for expenses at the end of the reporting period Dt 702 Kt 61406 Current foreign exchange transactions of legal entities and individuals Current foreign exchange transactions include: transfers to the Russian Federation or from the Russian Federation of foreign currency for settlements without deferred payment for the import or export of goods, works, services, as well as for settlements related to lending export-import operations for a period of not more than 180 days receipt and provision of financial loans for a period of not more than 180 days transfers to or from the Russian Federation of interest, dividends and other income on deposits, investments, loans and other transactions related to the movement of capital transfers of a non-trading nature to the Russian Federation and from the Russian Federation, including salary transfers, alimony, pensions, inheritances and other similar flexible operations. BUT).

Legal entities Current accounts in foreign currency 1. Correctness of opening accounts Application for opening an account Decision to create, reorganize an enterprise A certified copy of the Charter (Regulations) A certified card with sample signatures and a seal imprint Bank order to open an account Certificate to the tax office to open a foreign currency account 2. the correctness of account maintenance; find out on the basis of which documents payments are made on accounts; reconciliation of transactions reflected on personal accounts with primary documents; reconciliation of records on personal accounts of clients with extracts from them (how often statements are transferred to the client, the procedure for confirming receipt of the statement by the client) 3. correctness of accrual of interest on balances (if accrued) 4. confirmation of balances B). Individuals Reporting to the IRS on account movements of $10 or more or equivalent.

Question 3. Receipt/withdrawal of foreign currency Instructions of the Central Bank of Russia No. 19 of 12 It is necessary to make sure that the "passports of the transaction" are available and correctly executed. Transaction Passport - a basic currency control document drawn up by the exporter at the bank and containing information about the foreign economic transaction necessary for the implementation of this control, set out in a standardized form. The transaction passport must contain: Bank details Branch name Postal address Exporter details Name OKPO code Legal address Account number Form of payment - letter of credit, collection, transfer receipt of proceeds - advance payment, deadline for receipt Bank of Russia license - in case of deferred payment for a period of more than 10 days Signatures of authorized persons persons Special marks of the bank The bank examines the documents submitted to it: for compliance of these PS with the terms of the contract, it verifies the signatures of authorized persons and signs the transaction passport. The first copy of the PS is returned to the exporter. The second copy serves as the basis for opening the dossier. With the signing of the contract, the bank accepts this contract for settlement services and agrees to perform the functions of currency control. 93. Write-off of foreign currency Non-cash - make sure there are contracts for the import of products (goods, services), check account statements with contracts Cash - only for travel expenses if relevant documents are available (order of the company's managers, calculation of travel expenses according to the norms) 180. Make sure in the fact that bank employees control settlements between residents in foreign currency (such settlements are allowed only if there are appropriate licenses from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation).

Mandatory sale of a part of foreign exchange earnings Instruction of the Bank of Russia No. 7 of 29 "On the procedure for the mandatory sale by enterprises, associations, organizations of a part of foreign exchange earnings through authorized banks and operations in the domestic foreign exchange market of the Russian Federation." All amounts of receipts from legal entities and individuals, including as advances and prepayments, are subject to mandatory sale. Not subject to: receipts as contributions to the Authorized Fund, as well as dividends received from participation in the capital, proceeds from the sale of stock values, as well as dividends on stock values, receipts in the form of attracted loans (deposits, deposits), as well as amounts received for redemption provided loans (deposits, contributions), including accrued interest income in the form of donations for charitable purposes income in the form of refunds of advance payments under unfulfilled import contracts In the course of checking the procedure for the mandatory sale of a part of foreign exchange earnings, it is checked: receipt of foreign exchange earnings to a transit account, and not to a current client's account notification of the recipient in writing no later than the next day, the recipient of the currency must, within 07 calendar days, instruct the authorized bank to sell 92% of the currency earnings in the domestic market, make sure that the bank did not store the received currency on the transit account for more than 7 days and debited 75% to the current currency account and 7% on Thu 25 "Settlements with clients for the purchase/sale of foreign currency". make sure that 75% of foreign exchange earnings were sold within 47405 working days after being credited to account 75. make sure that the bank has not exceeded the remuneration norms established by law (the bank's commissions amounted to no more than 3% of the amount of the sold currency (including the exchange commission) and commission exchanges - less than 47405%)

Enumeration Dt 40702tr Ct 40702 current. Dt 40702tr Kt 47405 Per. to the exchange account Dt 47405 Kt 30109 Receipt of rubles Dt 30109 Kt 47405 Crediting to the client Dt 47405 Kt 40702 Bank commission Dt 47405 Kt 70103 Exchange transactions Non-cash transactions Cash (cash) transaction - a transaction with immediate delivery. In this case, the value date is not more than 2 calendar days from the transaction date. An urgent transaction is a transaction with delivery on time. In this case, the value date is 3 or more calendar days away from the transaction date. The purpose of the audit is to determine the correctness of the formation of the financial result for these transactions. Spot purchase and sale of foreign currency on the 2nd working day at a price agreed in advance. Forward purchase and sale of foreign currency with delivery in the future at an agreed price (1, 3, 6 months, 1 year). Swap is a contract to make two opposite transactions after a certain period of time. The following accounts are opened to account for futures currency transactions conducted by a commercial bank: For accounting of urgent currency transactions, the following balance accounts are opened in a commercial bank (with a gap in days): 47407 - passive - settlements on conversion and futures transactions 47408 - active - settlements on conversion and term transactions 61306 - passive - revaluation of funds in foreign currency - positive differences 61406 - active - revaluation of funds in foreign currency - negative differences = 1 marks Central Bank exchange rate on the value date 2 USD = 1 rubles. = 5 marks transaction 1 USD = 5 marks Accounting in the bank-seller Accounted for transaction Dt 2. 100 220 47408 rubles. Kt 280. 220 440 47407 rubles. Kt 840. 100 300 rubles. Write-off of US dollars Dt 70103. 810 140 47407 rubles. Kt 840. RUB 100 Reassessment of claims Dt 300. RUB 30102. Kt 840 100 rub. Obtaining stamps Dt 300. 47408 280 110 rubles. Kt 61306. 110 30102 280 rubles. Accounting with the buyer's bank Accounted for transaction Dt 220. 550 rubles. Dt 47408. 280 220 rubles. Kt 550. 47408 840 100 rubles. Received US dollars Dt 300. 70205 810 140 rubles. Kt 47407. 280 220 440 rub. Revaluation of liabilities Dt 30102 RUB 840 Kt 100. 300 40408 rubles.

Write-off of stamps Dt 47407. 280 220 550 rubles. Kt 30102. 280 220 550 rubles. Foreign currency cash exchange In the course of the audit of the correctness of foreign currency cash exchange operations, it is necessary to check: the presence of a permit for the operation of the exchange office equipment and security of the exchange office maintaining the cash book issuing currency exchange certificates procedure for determining profit / loss on currency exchange operations 20206 - cash desk of exchange offices selling at a rate higher than the official rate of the Central Bank Dt 20206. 810 Kt 20206. 840 Kt 70103 - exchange rate difference selling at a rate below the official rate of the Central Bank Dt 20206. 810 Kt 20206. 840 Dt 70205 - exchange rate difference buying at a rate higher than the official rate of the Central Bank Dt 20206. 840 Kt 20206. 810 Dt 70205 - exchange rate difference purchase at a rate lower than the official rate of the Central Bank Dt 20206. 840 Kt 20206. 810 Kt 70103 - exchange rate difference observance by authorized banks of the Russian Federation "dated 41. 22. 05. Currency position - requirements and obligations to an authorized bank in the respective currencies. Open currency position - the difference in the amounts of claims and liabilities of the bank in certain foreign currencies, creating the risk of losses in case of unfavorable changes in the exchange rate. Short open foreign exchange position - open currency position in a separate foreign currency, liabilities and off-balance sheet liabilities in which quantitatively exceed assets and off-balance sheet claims in this foreign currency. Group of currencies of the countries of the European Union - German mark, French franc, Dutch guilder, Finnish mark, Italian lira, Spanish peseta, Portuguese escudo, Austrian shilling, Belgian franc, Luxembourg franc, Irish pound, EURO.

Operations that affect the change in the OCP: *** receipt of interest and other income, accrual of interest and payment of operating expenses, conversion operations, forward currency transactions, other operations of the bank with foreign currency and currency values, except for transactions with precious metals. The currency position arises on the date of conclusion of the transaction and on the date of crediting funds to the accounts of income and/or expenses. Currency position limit: - at the end of the trading day, the total value of all long (short) positions should not exceed 20% of the bank's capital. - as of the end of the trading day, a long (short) position in a group of foreign currencies of the European Union countries, as well as long (short) positions in other individual currencies should not exceed 10% of capital. Example of ORP calculation: In accordance with the requirements of the legislation, it is necessary to adjust positions in the following currencies: British pound sterling excess of a long position - 6% Swiss franc excess of a short position - 8% The total value for the currencies of the countries that are members of the European Union, namely German mark - 6 rubles. and for the French franc +000 rubles. does not exceed the established 2% limit.

Thus, it is necessary to conclude a deal for the sale of English pounds in the equivalent of 6 rubles and the purchase of Swiss marks in the equivalent of 000 rubles. According to the official exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 8 rubles. are 000 pounds, and 6000 rubles. are 750 Swiss francs. Let's assume that the bank was able to conclude a deal to sell 8000 pounds for 1600 Swiss francs. In this case, the currency position for the specified currencies will be adjusted by the following posting: Dt 750. 1700 47408 756 rubles. Kt 1700. 8500 47407 826 rub. Kt 750. 6000 70103 rub.

When checking the correctness of the calculation and compliance with the currency position limit, it is necessary to:

Make sure that currency position reports are prepared in a timely manner and in accordance with the established pattern. Make sure that the bank complies with the established limit of the currency position Discuss with the employees of the currency department the procedure for filling out reports on the currency position.

A commercial bank with branches keeps records of the reserve fund on the balance sheet of the head office. The correctness of the formation and use of the reserve fund must be confirmed by the audit company. The purpose of the fund is to cover the bank's losses. increase in the authorized capital through capitalization in the prescribed manner. At the same time, only the funds of the fund in the part exceeding the minimum amount of the Russian Federation can be subject to capitalization. The reserve fund cannot be used for other purposes. A commercial bank has the right to form a special fund for corporatization of employees. Its funds are spent only on the acquisition of bank shares sold by shareholders for their subsequent placement among the bank's employees. The use of funds from the accounts of funds is made within the limits of the availability of amounts on these accounts. Fund accounts are passive. 10701 Reserve Fund 10702 Special Purpose Funds 10703 Accumulation Funds 10704 Other Funds Amounts transferred to funds from profits are recorded under the loan. For debit - the amount of use of funds in accordance with the Regulations on funds in correspondence with cash accounts, correspondent / accounts, client accounts, etc.

Author: Shevchuk D.A.

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