First aid for poisoning with potent toxic substances

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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First aid for poisoning with potent toxic substances

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

Potent toxic substances (SDN) commonly referred to as such chemical compounds that in certain quantities exceeding the maximum allowable concentration (MPC) can have a harmful effect on people, farm animals, plants, cause damage to them of varying degrees.

More than 100 names of SDYAV are currently used in various industries.

Chemical enterprises that produce or use SDYAV, such as chlorine, ammonia, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid, sulfur dioxide, in case of emergencies pose a danger to workers and employees, and in major accidents to the public.

The most common SDYAV are chlorine and ammonia.

Chlorine - a yellowish-green gas with a peculiar pungent suffocating odor, 2,5 times heavier than air, readily soluble in water, alcohol, ether. Chlorine is widely used in various industries. It is used for bleaching fabrics, in the production of cellulose and paper, in the manufacture of various types of rubber (rubber), for disinfecting water at waterworks, as a disinfectant.

Perception threshold - 0,003 mg/l, MPC in the working area - 0 mg/l. The damaging concentration at exposure for 001 hour is 1 mg/l, the lethal concentration at the same exposure is 0,01…0,1 mg/l.

At a pressure of 5 ... 7 atmospheres, chlorine liquefies into a dark green liquid, which is stored in cylinders, underground tanks.

It smokes when released into the atmosphere from faulty tanks. When evaporated and combined with water vapor in the air, it spreads above the ground in the form of a greenish-white mist, and can penetrate into the lower floors and basements of buildings. Chlorine vapors are highly irritating to the respiratory system, eyes and skin. Chlorine enters the body mainly through the respiratory tract.

Signs of chlorine poisoning: sharp pain in the chest, dry cough, vomiting, incoordination, shortness of breath, pain in the eyes, lacrimation. May be fatal if high concentrations are inhaled.

Help with chlorine poisoning

It is necessary to put on an industrial gas mask of brand "B" or "M" on a person affected by chlorine, a civilian gas mask GP-5, at high concentrations - an insulating gas mask, quickly take it out to an uncontaminated area, free from restrictive clothing. In case of weakening or stopping breathing, artificial respiration is performed from mouth to mouth. Eyes, mouth, nasopharynx are washed with clean water with the addition of a small amount of 2 ... 5 percent solution of baking soda. The victim is given plenty of fluids: warm milk, tea, coffee. In cold weather, it must be warmed up and ensure complete rest.

Ammonia - colorless gas with the smell of ammonia., lighter than air, (perception threshold - 0,037 mg / l). It is used as a refrigerant in refrigeration units, in the production of fertilizers and other chemical products. A dry mixture with air in a ratio of 1: 3 is capable of exploding. It dissolves well in water.

Tanks with ammonia should be placed in a pallet or protected by a bunding. In an ammonia storage facility, one tank is buried for emergency draining by gravity. Smokes when exiting defective containers. Harmful by inhalation. Ammonia vapors are highly irritating to the respiratory system, eyes and skin.

MPC in the air: in settlements - average daily - 0,0002 mg/l, in the working area - 0,02 mg/l. Irritation is already felt at 0.1 mg/l. The damaging concentration at a 6-hour exposure is 0,21 mg/l, and the lethal concentration at a 30-minute exposure is 7 mg/l.

Signs of ammonia poisoning: palpitations, impaired pulse rate, cough, runny nose, pain in the eyes and watery eyes, shortness of breath, and in severe poisoning - nausea and impaired coordination of movements, delirium.

Help with ammonia poisoning

Put on an industrial gas mask of the brand "KD" or "M" on the person affected by ammonia, at very high concentrations - an insulating gas mask and take the victim out of the infection zone into clean air. In an uncontaminated area, the victim is allowed to inhale water vapor. In case of difficulty or cessation of breathing, artificial respiration is performed by mouth-to-mouth method. If ammonia enters the stomach, drink several glasses of warm water with the addition of one teaspoon of table vinegar to a glass of water and induce vomiting. When ammonia affects the eyes, they are washed with plenty of water.

For extensive burns, an anesthetic is administered using a syringe tube. If bubbles have formed, in no case should they be opened, but sterile dressings should be applied. The victim must be covered, given the opportunity to warm up and ensure peace.

Authors: Afanasiev Yu.G., Ovcharenko A.G., Trutneva L.I.

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