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Can people make diamonds? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? Can people make diamonds? The answer to this question is: "Yes, but..." A person can make artificial diamonds, but do not expect that we will have them in bulk in the near future. When you understand what it was like for mother nature to make diamonds, you will agree that this is far from an easy job. The formation of natural diamonds began about a hundred million years ago, when the Earth was just beginning to cool. In those days, under the earth's crust were red-hot masses of liquid rocks. These masses were subjected to such temperatures and such pressure that the crystal lattice in the substance known to us as coal changed. This is how a diamond is obtained - the hardest substance known to man - by changing the crystal lattice of coal. Since diamonds are of great value to humans, naturally, attempts were made to produce them artificially, that is, to make synthetic diamonds. The honor of the discoverers in this area was considered to belong to three different people who worked on the problem relatively recently. The Englishman D. B. Hannay was the first to succeed in 1880, the second was Henri Moissan in France (1893), the third was Sir William Crookes, also in England (1906). Moissan's method was as follows: coal was dissolved in molten iron in an electric furnace. The molten iron was then immersed in a saline solution. The cooling and contraction of the upper layer created the strongest pressure on the molten material inside. And at the same time, it was believed that diamonds should be obtained. But when the experiments of these people were repeated, no diamonds were obtained. Therefore, it is now believed that the first synthetic diamond was obtained in 1954 on a special press in which coal was subjected to a temperature of 2800 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 56 kilograms per square centimeter. The first of the resulting diamonds were yellow, and the largest were a little more than one and a half millimeters in length. Synthetic diamonds are usually imperfectly shaped and are currently used more for cutting tools than as jewelry. But someday a person may be able to make a truly perfect diamond! Author: Likum A.
What is air? Air surrounds us on all sides. Every crack, hole, in general, any space that is not occupied by anything else is filled with air. Every time you take a breath, you fill your lungs with air. Despite the fact that you cannot see the air, you cannot taste it or touch it (at least in calm weather), the air is by no means emptiness. Air is part of the matter around us. Matter can be solid, liquid or gaseous. Air is almost always in a gaseous state. However, air cannot be called a gas, because in reality it consists of a mixture of certain gases. And two of them account for 99 percent of the total air volume. Anywhere on earth, air is 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen. In addition, it always contains a small amount of carbon dioxide released during the breathing of living beings, including humans. The rest - less than one percent - is occupied by rare gases: argon, helium, krypton, xenon and others. A huge air ocean extends many kilometers up above the Earth's surface. Since air is matter, the earth's gravity holds it near the surface, preventing it from dissolving into outer space. So, although we don't feel it, air has weight. It manifests itself in the pressure that air exerts on our body from all sides. The same thing would happen to you if you found yourself at the bottom of the sea, with the only difference that you would not be pressed by air, but by water. If you rise above the surface of the Earth, for example, climb a high mountain or take off in an airplane, you will find that as you move away from it, the air pressure decreases. At an altitude of about 13 km, it is 8 times less than above sea level. Well, at an altitude of more than 30 km, it is practically absent.
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