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Print meat in space

26.08.2019

3D Bioprinting Solutions will send rabbit and cow meat cells into space in September and try to print a steak out of them. This technology is needed to feed astronauts in orbit during very long flights.

The launch of an experiment in space to print meat is scheduled for the ISS on September 25. In September, cells obtained from the gums of a rabbit will be delivered to orbit, as well as cow cells, from which they will try to print meat. Now these cells are undergoing pre-flight tests.

Space-printed meat is much more expensive than regular meat. A kilogram of specially grown cells, from which a conditional steak is printed on a bioprinter, cost more than 2011 million pounds back in 1, excluding the cost of printing. Now the price of a printed kilogram of meat is about $10.

If on Earth no one needs a kilogram of meat for that kind of money, then for space it is cheap. Delivering food to astronauts into orbit is very expensive. Most of the cargo of spacecraft is food, and lifting one kilogram of cargo into orbit costs an average of $40-50 thousand.

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Stimulation of the temporal cortex improves memory 21.02.2018

Psychologists from several US universities have proposed a new method of electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. It proved to be more effective than previously proposed. Such stimulation is designed to activate the reproduction of information deposited in memory.

The fact that the temporal cortex is involved in the formation and storage of memories has been known for a long time. In fact, it turned out with the help of an accident: the American Henry Molaison, long known as a GM patient, was forced to undergo an operation to remove the right and left hippocampus. It was there that he had foci of abnormal cell activity that caused him powerful epileptic seizures that did not respond to drug therapy. Since the hippocampi are located under the temporal lobes of the cortex, when they were removed, they were also damaged. Molaison lost the ability to remember new information for more than a few minutes. Thus, it was revealed that the temporal lobes of the cortex of both hemispheres, as well as the hippocampus (this is also a paired formation), play a key role in long-term memory.

Patients with epilepsy also took part in the study in question. But they didn't have their hippocampi removed, but instead implanted electrodes in their temporal cortex to stimulate certain brain cells and thus prevent seizures. Using the same electrodes, the scientists also stimulated the lateral part of the temporal lobes of the subjects when they performed a series of tasks for memorizing facts and names. At the same time, the participants in the study actually retained information better in memory. This effect was especially pronounced in cases where the lateral temporal cortex was stimulated in the left hemisphere.

Stimulation of the temporal lobes of the cortex has also been used to improve memory, but the electrodes were placed in its medial (i.e., central) part, and not in the lateral (lateral). This was done because the medial temporal cortex and the hippocampus were considered the main brain structures for remembering. Activating the lateral temporal lobe of the left hemisphere is, in a sense, more convenient: it is easier to get to this part of the brain than to the medial temporal cortex and the hippocampus.

A new way of stimulating the temporal cortex could, in theory, help improve memory for those who have partially lost it, such as those suffering from Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.

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