How did Charlemagne's conquests proceed? Detailed answer

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How did Charlemagne's conquests proceed? Detailed answer

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How did Charlemagne's conquests proceed?

The Frankish state reached its greatest power under Charlemagne (768-814).

He pursued an aggressive policy in order to create a world empire. In 774 he made a campaign in Italy.

In 774 Charlemagne conquered the Lombards, in 882 Saxony was conquered. In 778 Charles abolished the Duchy of Bavaria and included it in the Kingdom.

The conquest of vast territories greatly expanded the boundaries of the Frankish state. Now they stretched from the Ebro and Barcelona to the Elbe and the Baltic coast, from the English Channel to the Middle Danube and the Adriatic, including almost all of Italy and part of the Balkan Peninsula. Charlemagne did not want to be content with the title of king of the Franks, but claimed the title of world monarch, "emperor of the Romans."

In 800, Pope Leo III crowned him in the Lateran Church with the crown of "Roman emperors". Charles hoped that he could use the imperial title to enhance his international prestige.

The population of the empire was subordinate to the royal servants and performed various kinds of duties. The entire territory of the state was divided into counties, headed by royal commissioners - counts. The counties were divided into hundreds, the heads of which, the centecaries, were appointed by the royal court.

In the conquered border areas, Charlemagne created a brand - fortified military administrative districts that served as outposts for attacks on neighboring countries and for organizing defense. The margraves, who were at the head of the stamps, had broad judicial, administrative and military powers. At their disposal was a constant no less important influence on the evolution of the early feudal Frankish state, which had a military force of vassalage. By the end of the XNUMXth century - the beginning of the XNUMXth century. vassal-personal relations spread in the military organization and political structure.

Royal vassals began to be appointed to government posts. At first, it even strengthened the state system. Vassals, connected with the king by conditional possessions and a personal oath, served more reliably than independent masters. But soon the vassals began to turn their benefices into hereditary possessions and refused to carry out permanent service for them.

The empire, created as a result of the conquest of weak tribes and nationalities by the Thracians, was an unstable state formation and fell apart shortly after the death of its founder.

The reasons for its collapse were the lack of economic and ethnic unity and the growth of the power of large feudal lords. The forcible unification of ethnically alien peoples could only be maintained under a strong central government.

Already during the life of Charlemagne, symptoms of its decline were outlined: the centralized control system began to degenerate into a personal seigneurial system, the counts were out of obedience. Separatism intensified in the outskirts.

The royal power was deprived of the former political support from the feudal nobility and did not have sufficient funds to continue the policy of conquest and even to retain the occupied territories. The free population was subjected to serfdom or fell into land dependence on the feudal lords and did not perform the former state, natural and military duties. Thus the king was deprived of material resources and military strength, while the feudal lords expanded their possessions and created their own troops from vassals. All this inevitably led to the collapse of the empire and feudal fragmentation.

In 817, at the request of the grandchildren of Charlemagne, the first section was made. But the ambitions remained unsatisfied, and a period of internecine wars began.

In 843, an agreement was concluded in Verdun on the division of the Empire of Charlemagne between his grandsons - Lothair (France and Northern Italy), Louis the German (East Frankish state) and Charles the Bald (West Frankish state).

By the beginning of the XNUMXth century. the imperial title lost its meaning and disappeared.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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