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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Quality control. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents
1. ESSENCE OF CERTIFICATION In a market economy, new relationships arise between manufacturers of goods, consumers and sellers-customers. The consumer needs an independent-guaranteed confirmation of the conformity of the product to a certain level of quality. Such confirmation can be given in the form of a special document - a certificate. Certificate of Conformity - a document issued according to the rules of the certification system to confirm the compliance of certified products with the established requirements. Certification of conformity is the act of a third party proving that the necessary assurance is provided that a properly identified product, process or service conforms to a particular standard or other normative document. In the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services" and in the Russian GOST R certification system, a more simplified definition of the term is given. Product certification is an activity to confirm the conformity of products to established requirements. Thus, certification is a progressive direction in the development of standardization, the most important mechanism for managing product quality. Goals and objectives of certification. The main goals of the Russian GOST R certification system are defined in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services". Certification is aimed at achieving the following goals: - creation of conditions for the activities of enterprises, institutions, entrepreneurs in the single commodity market of the Russian Federation, as well as for participation in international economic, scientific and technical cooperation and international trade; - protection of the consumer from the dishonesty of the manufacturer (seller, performer); - safety control for the environment, life, health and property; - assistance to consumers in the component selection of products; - promoting exports and increasing the competitiveness of products; - confirmation of product quality indicators declared by manufacturers. Tasks that need to be solved to achieve these goals: - phased introduction of mandatory certification; - establishing the procedure for conducting mandatory and voluntary certification; - accreditation of existing testing laboratories, as well as the creation and accreditation of new ones; training and accreditation of experts; - development of requirements for standards and other regulatory documents used for certification of products, processes; - modernization of standardized test methods, including express methods that meet the requirements of international standards; - creation of systems for certification of homogeneous products by establishing rules for certification of products, taking into account their production, supply, requirements of international systems and relevant agreements; - determination of the nomenclature of mandatory indicators: safety for the consumer and the environment, compatibility and interchangeability, their introduction into standards and other types of regulatory documents; - international and regional cooperation in the field of certification, conclusion of bilateral agreements on mutual recognition of certification results. 2. CERTIFICATION PRINCIPLES Certification is based on the following principles: - statehood - ensuring state interests in assessing the safety of products; - objectivity - independence from the manufacturer and consumer; - reliability - use of a professional test base; - exclusion of the division of goods and services into domestic and foreign; - democracy - providing the manufacturer himself to choose a certification body. Today, various quality management systems are used in the world. But for successful activity at present, they must provide an opportunity to implement the eight key principles of systemic quality management, mastered by leading international companies. These principles form the basis of the forthcoming update of the international standards for quality management in the ISO 9000 series. The first principle is consumer orientation. Strategic customer orientation, appropriately providing the organization methodically and technically, is vital for every organization and every enterprise operating in a competitive market. The second principle is the role of leadership. In accordance with it, the manager must create the conditions necessary for the successful implementation of all the principles of system quality management. The third principle is the involvement of employees. This is one of the key provisions of TQM (Total Quality Management), according to which every employee must be involved in quality management activities. It is necessary to ensure that everyone has an internal need for improvement. The fourth principle is the process approach and organically connected with it. The fifth principle is a systematic approach to management. In accordance with these principles, the production of goods, services and management is considered as a set of interrelated processes, and each process is considered as a system that has an input and output, its "suppliers" and "consumers". In standard ISO 9001 and QS 9000, for example, there is a rule according to which a supplier must form teams of specialists from various departments to prepare for the production of new or upgraded products. Such groups should include designers, technologists, quality service specialists, as well as specialists from other services. The sixth principle is continuous improvement. Twenty years ago, the quality strategy was based on the concept of optimal quality. Experience has shown that it is unacceptable to set limits for improvement; improvement itself must be a system and an integral part of the management system. The seventh principle is mutually beneficial relationships with suppliers. This principle, the essence of which is obvious in the simplest cases, must be implemented in relation to both external and internal suppliers. The eighth principle is making decisions based on facts. The implementation of this principle is designed to exclude unreasonable decisions, which are usually called strong-willed. It is necessary to collect and analyze evidence and make decisions based on it. The most common now are statistical methods of control, analysis and regulation. 3. CONCEPT OF PRODUCT CERTIFICATION Certification in the generally accepted international terminology is defined as the establishment of conformity. Certification is a documentary confirmation of the conformity of products to certain requirements, specific standards or specifications. Product certification is a series of activities carried out to confirm through a certificate of conformity (document) that products meet certain quality standards. Many foreign firms spend a lot of money and time to prove to the consumer that their products are of high quality. Thus, according to foreign sources, the cost of these works is about 1-2% of all costs of manufacturers. Certification appeared as a result of the need to protect the domestic market from low-quality products. Issues of safety, health protection and the environment force the legislature, on the one hand, to establish the responsibility of the supplier for the introduction of substandard products into circulation, on the other hand, to establish mandatory minimum requirements for product characteristics. To put into circulation products that fall into the legally regulated area, official confirmation is required that it meets all the requirements imposed by law. One form of such confirmation is product certification by an independent party. Upon receipt of a positive result in the certification process, a document called a "certificate of conformity" is issued. The certificate confirms that the product meets all the minimum requirements established by law. This document is a pass to the market in a legally regulated area. Products in a legally unregulated area can move freely within the market. At the same time, there are no formal requirements for establishing compliance. When concluding a contract, the consumer may require the supplier to prove that the product meets certain requirements. For the consumer, the certificate is a guarantee that he acquires quality products. A supplier in a non-legislative area may have its products certified by an independent third party and at its own request. At the same time, he requests confirmation of the conformity of his products with the characteristics chosen at his discretion. The supplier may request that its products be determined in accordance with certain standards, certain technical parameters, the content of a passport or promotional material for the product, etc. The certification procedure is very expensive. It can lead to either a decrease in the supplier's profit or an increase in the cost of products, which, in turn, can reduce its competitiveness in the market. Therefore, the supplier must clearly understand the mechanism for extracting benefits from the certification procedure. For example, through an advertising campaign involving the opinion of an independent third party. 4. CERTIFICATION MODELS The International Organization for Standardization has developed eight third party certification models. 1. Product sample testing. The first model provides for testing a sample of the manufacturer's industrial products in an independent testing laboratory or an appropriate center. 2. Testing of a product sample with subsequent control based on the supervision of factory samples. The second model assumes long-term control over product quality. This ensures random testing of products in the process of its implementation. 3. Testing of a product sample with subsequent control based on the supervision of factory samples. The model is applicable in the presence of a direct connection between the producer and the consumer without the services of trading and intermediary firms. Here, periodic testing of product samples in the process of implementation is replaced by their control in production. 4. Testing of a sample of products with subsequent control based on the supervision of samples purchased on the market and received from the factory. This model combines the methods of the second and third models and involves the control of samples both in the production process and in the sales process. 5. Product sample testing and evaluation of factory quality management, followed by control based on the supervision of factory quality management and testing of samples received from the factory and the open market. The fifth model provides for the creation of a quality system at the manufacturer, in which quality is controlled at all stages of product development and production, strict technological discipline, input and step-by-step control are observed. This reduces the likelihood of product defects. Experts consider this model the most rigid. 6. Factory quality management evaluation only. The sixth model develops and complements the fifth, ensuring the high efficiency of the enterprise's quality system. This model eliminates the need for testing in independent laboratories and centers. 7. Checking batches of products. The seventh model is focused on comprehensive testing in independent laboratories. All operational parameters are checked taking into account safety, ergonomics, environmental impact, and other indicators. Product control is selective. 8. 100% control at all stages of production. According to the classical scheme, testing of product samples is carried out by testing laboratories. The test results, drawn up in the form of a protocol, are transmitted in one way or another to the product certification body. At the same time, the testing laboratory has no right to interpret or disclose the received product data. The certification body compares test results with legal requirements. If the product meets the specified requirements, the certification body issues a certificate of conformity to the supplier. If the manufactured products do not meet the established requirements, the certificate is not issued. 5. PRODUCT CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS Certification is a form of confirmation of compliance of objects with the requirements of technical regulations, the provisions of standards or the terms of contracts, carried out by the certification body. Certification system - a set of rules for performing work on certification, its participants and the rules for the functioning of the certification system as a whole. The international product certification system is created at the level of a number of countries from any regions of the world by an international government organization. A mandatory system is created for products that must contain requirements for environmental protection, ensuring the safety of life and health of people. An independent product certification system is created by the enterprise itself - the manufacturer of the products. At the same time, certificates for products are issued by the enterprise itself strictly under its own responsibility. The voluntary certification system provides for the certification of products only at the initiative of its manufacturer. In this case, he has the right to certify his products for compliance with any requirements of scientific and technical documentation, including foreign ones. This type of certification can give a lot to improve the competitiveness of products. A national product certification system is created at the national level by a governmental or non-governmental organization. Certification participants are the national certification body (Gosstandart of Russia), state governing bodies that carry out certification work, central certification system bodies, certification bodies, legal entities that have assumed the function of a voluntary certification body, testing laboratories, manufacturers (sellers, performers ) products. A regional international product certification system is being created at the level of some countries of one region, for example, within the framework of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, about 100 certification systems and agreements operate at the regional level. A third-party product certification system is created by a third-party organization that verifies, evaluates, and certifies that the manufacturer's products and activities comply with the requirements of a scientific and technical document (STD). It is very important in this situation to have well-equipped testing centers and laboratories for product certification. The fundamental intersectoral document of the federal level in the field of certification is the Rules for Certification in the Russian Federation. These Rules are applied in the organization of work on mandatory and voluntary certification, serve as the basis for the creation of certification systems for homogeneous products. The provisions of this document were developed taking into account the current international and European practice of certification and accreditation of regulatory documents. For example, such as the ISO and IEC Guidelines, international standards of the 9000 and 10 series, European standards 000 and 45. International standards, in addition to traditional areas (goods, trade), now also concern environmental protection, health care, etc. Several hundred state and regional institutions are involved in their development. The largest are: the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), etc. International standards establish indicators that meet modern scientific and technical requirements for quality, reliability, safety and other important properties and characteristics of products, and also define unified methods and means for testing and certification of materials and goods. 6. SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF CERTIFICATION Certification objects - products, processes or services. In the field of certification, a product or service is considered as an object that is subject to testing in order to be confirmed by the standard. The initial stage of certification testing of objects is the identification of products (services). In this case, identification is understood as confirmation of the authenticity of the product with the name indicated on the label. Marking is the application of designations to a product or packaging, primarily providing for the identification of the product or its individual properties. Subjects of certification are manufacturers of products, service providers, customers-sellers, as well as a third party independent of the first or second parties. The seller, as the recipient of the product, can act as the second party, and when selling the goods to the consumer, as the first party. The first and second parties participate in certification activities as applicants. Applicant - an enterprise, organization that applied for accreditation or certification. Manufacturers (sellers) of products in accordance with the GOST R Certification Rules: - send an application for certification, in accordance with the rules of the system, submit the documentation necessary for certification; - ensure the compliance of the products sold with the requirements of regulatory documents, according to which the certification was carried out, as well as marking them with the mark of conformity; - suspend or terminate the sale of products subject to mandatory certification, if it does not meet the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents, upon the expiration of the certificate, in the event of its suspension or cancellation by the decision of the certification body; - apply the certificate and mark of conformity, guided by the legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the rules of the system; - notify the certification body of changes made to the technical documentation and the technical process of certified products, if these changes affect the characteristics verified during certification. A third party is a person or body recognized as independent of the parties involved in the issue under consideration. The following bodies may act as third parties. Certification body - a body that certifies conformity. If the certification body also performs the functions of a testing laboratory, then the term "certified center" can be used. The most important function of certification bodies is to conduct certification tests and (or) issue a certificate, and a certificate can be issued on the basis of a test report of a testing laboratory. In addition, the certification body exercises inspection control over certified products, suspends or revokes the certificates issued by it. The central certification body is the body that leads the system of certification of homogeneous products. Testing laboratory (testing center) - a laboratory (center) that conducts tests (certain types of tests) of certain products. 7. CERTIFICATION METHODS Certification methods are divided into two groups: - test methods; - methods for indicating compliance with standards. Test methods are established by the relevant standards and are subject to the following requirements: - compliance with the purpose of the standards; objectivity, clear formulation; - inclusion in the test methods, if technically justified, indications of the limits of reproducibility and repeatability; - where possible, a description in sufficient detail of the test method specified in the standard to enable qualified personnel to obtain similar results; - setting limit values for requirements, taking into account the permissible deviation or average value for the upper or lower limit, minimum or maximum value; - the choice should take into account standards for general test methods and related tests for determining similar characteristics specified in other standards; - preference for test methods that do not destroy the sample and provide a similar degree of certainty; - if there are several test methods, one of them is defined as the control one. Methods for indicating compliance with standards for third party certification systems are established by the management of the enterprise. There are the following types of methods. Method "sign of conformity". Conformity mark - a mark, which, according to the rules established in this certification system, confirms the conformity of the products marked with it to the established requirements. This method is based on the application of the result of certification to indicate that control over compliance with the standard is the responsibility of this system. Method "certificate of conformity". The purpose of this method is to provide the consumer with information about the standards covered by the certificate. The method can be used to indicate compliance with product or property standards. Certificates of conformity may apply to all requirements of the standard, as well as to its specific sections or characteristics. To indicate the conformity of products to the established requirements, a special technical document is used - a certificate of conformity. Certificate of Conformity - a document issued according to the rules of the certification system to confirm the compliance of certified products with the established requirements. Mandatory documents for products and services, the absence of which may lead to the application of certain sanctions, include a certificate of conformity for safety indicators. Other types of certificate - hygienic, veterinary, phytosanitary - are not mandatory, but serve only as a basis for a simplified procedure for issuing certificates of conformity. Certificates of conformity for safety indicators and other mandatory requirements are required only for products and services subject to mandatory certification. If products or services are not included in the list for mandatory certification, representatives of state bodies do not have the right to demand a certificate of conformity from manufacturers, performers or sellers. 8. FORMS OF CERTIFICATION The Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services" provides for two types of certification: mandatory and voluntary. Voluntary certification - certification carried out on a voluntary basis at the initiative of the manufacturer, seller or consumer of products. With voluntary certification, a product manufacturer, a consumer society or a trade enterprise has the right to choose any certification scheme. Voluntary certification can be carried out by any legal entity that has assumed the function of a voluntary certification body and registered the certification system and the mark of conformity with the State Standard of Russia in the manner prescribed by the State Standard of Russia. Mandatory certification bodies are also entitled to conduct voluntary certification subject to the specified conditions. The voluntary certification body establishes the rules for carrying out work in the certification system, including the procedure for their payment. Voluntary certification can be carried out: - in relation to products (services) not subject to mandatory certification; - in cases where the requirements of regulatory documents are formulated only in general terms, and it is advisable to characterize the actual quality of products (services) more specifically; - in cases where there are no regulatory documents regulating the quality of this type of product (service); - in cases where a product (service) has a certificate of conformity, but the product manufacturer considers it appropriate to make sure that the quality of its product (service) is higher than that provided for by the regulatory document; - in relation to that part of the requirements of regulatory documents, the fulfillment of which is not subject to confirmation in the form of mandatory certification. With a positive result of voluntary certification, its result is the issuance of a quality certificate. Such a certificate certifies not only compliance with the accepted criteria, but also the degree of deviation in the desired direction in the form of additional utility. Mandatory certification is carried out in cases where regulatory documents for products contain requirements to ensure the safety of the environment, life, health of citizens, as well as to ensure technical information compatibility, interchangeability of products. The remaining requirements contained in the regulatory documents are advisory. Their observance depends on the discretion of the product manufacturer and its contractors. With a positive result of mandatory certification, its result is the issuance of a certificate of compliance with safety requirements. The nomenclature of goods subject to mandatory certification has been determined. These include all food groups, children's products, consumer goods in contact with food and drinking water; household chemicals, etc. The purpose of mandatory certification is to create confidence in the manufacturer and consumer that the certified products are safe for consumption. According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services", it is prohibited to advertise products that are subject to mandatory certification, but do not have a certificate of conformity. 9. DOCUMENTS OF THE QUALITY SYSTEM CERTIFICATION PROCESS 1. Declaration-application for certification of the quality system. Contents of the document: name of the applicant organization; address; Fax; current account number; Full name of the head; director's phone numbers. Specifies the requirements of which standard the quality system complies with. The effectiveness of the quality system is assessed by periodic review. The composition of the documents for the quality system. Approximate composition of the set of documents: - quality policy; - quality quide; - initial data for a preliminary assessment of the state of production; - structural diagram of the organization; - structural diagram of the quality service; - Enterprise "Documentation Management". 2. Initial data for a preliminary assessment of the state of production. Document content: - information about the applicant organization and production; - a block diagram of the organization, including the main and auxiliary production units, engineering services, indicating the links between them; - a list of countries to which products are supplied. Technical documentation: - technical specifications for products; - design documentation for products (passport, operating instructions, general view and specification). Enterprise Standards (STP) for the quality system in relation to products covered by the quality system. The document is signed by a representative of the management of the applicant organization, stamped and dated. 3. Notification of the results of consideration of the application for certification of the quality system. Contains the decision whether or not to accept the application for work. In case of a negative decision, the reasons for the refusal are justified in detail. Signed by the head of the certification body. 4. The program of verification and evaluation of the quality system. Approved by the head of the certification body. Compiled for each specific enterprise-applicant whose application has been accepted for work. Contents of the document: purpose and scope of the review. A regulatory document is indicated, for compliance with the requirements of which the quality system will be checked and evaluated. Possible goals: certification or verification; objects of verification; privacy requirements. The Commission undertakes not to disclose information received from the applicant organization during the verification and evaluation of the quality system, and not to transfer the material assessment to any organization or to any person; the time of the inspection; composition of the commission; date, signature. 5. Report on the results of the audit and evaluation of the quality system for compliance with the requirements of GOST R ISO 9000. The document is approved by the head of the certification body: the timing of the audit and assessment of the quality system. Verification and evaluation is carried out by the commission, the date of commencement and completion of work is indicated; composition of the commission; grounds for work; the name of the document in accordance with which the work is carried out is indicated. The results of the audit and evaluation of the quality system: verification of units; verified regulatory documents; observations, comments on the checked elements; proven quality elements; Full name of specialists and officials in the audited units, in parallel with which the work was carried out. 10. CERTIFICATION PARTICIPANTS In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services" (Article 8), participants in mandatory certification are: - Gosstandart of Russia, other state governing bodies of the Russian Federation authorized to carry out work on mandatory certification, certification bodies; - testing laboratories (centers), manufacturers (sellers, performers) of products, as well as central bodies of certification systems, authorized, if necessary, to organize and coordinate work in certification systems for homogeneous products. It is allowed to participate in the performance of work on mandatory certification of registered non-profit (non-profit) associations and organizations of any form of ownership, provided that they are accredited by the relevant state governing body. Manufacturers of products and service providers represent the first party, customers - the second party, and certification bodies, testing laboratories, authorized federal executive bodies - the third party. Manufacturers (sellers, performers) of products that are subject to mandatory certification and sale on the territory of the Russian Federation are obliged to: - sell products only with a certificate; - ensure the compliance of the products sold with the requirements of the regulatory documents for which they were certified, and label them with the mark of conformity in the prescribed manner; - indicate in the accompanying technical documentation information on certification and regulatory documents that the products must comply with; - ensure that this information is communicated to the consumer; - suspend or terminate the sale of certified products if they do not meet the requirements of regulatory documents for which they are certified, after the expiration of the certificate or if the certificate is suspended or canceled; - notify the certification body in accordance with the procedure established by it about changes made to the technical documentation or to the TP for the manufacture of certified products. The certification body certifies products, issues certificates and licenses for the use of the mark of conformity; suspends or revokes the certificates issued by him; provides the applicant, at his request, with all the necessary information within his competence. Testing laboratories carry out tests of specific products or specific types of tests. They issue test reports for certification purposes. The certification body may be accredited as a testing laboratory. Such a body is called a certification authority. Central certification bodies are created to organize and coordinate work in certification systems for homogeneous products. The central body of the certification system organizes, coordinates the work and establishes the rules of procedure and management in the certification system headed by it. It also considers appeals of applicants regarding the actions of certification bodies, testing laboratories (centers). 11. PROCEDURE FOR CERTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS The procedure for conducting certification in Russia was established by the Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation in 1994 in relation to mandatory certification, but can also be used for voluntary certification. For certification systems of homogeneous products, taking into account its features, it is allowed to develop an appropriate procedure. Certification is organized by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation and federal bodies responsible for mandatory certification. The certification procedure establishes the sequence of actions that make up the overall certification procedure. Apply for certification. The applicant sends an application to the appropriate certification body, and in its absence - to the State Standard of the Russian Federation or another state governing body. The certification body considers the application within the period established by the procedure for certification of homogeneous products and informs the applicant which bodies and testing laboratories the applicant can choose. Selection, identification of samples and their testing. Samples for testing are selected, as a rule, by a testing laboratory or other organization on its behalf. In some cases, this is done by the certification body. Samples that have passed the tests are stored for the period stipulated by the rules of the certification system for specific products. Test reports are submitted to the applicant and to the certification body, their storage corresponds to the validity period of the certificate. Production evaluation. Depending on the chosen certification scheme, an analysis of the state of production, certification of production or certification of the quality management system is carried out. The production evaluation method is indicated in the product conformity certificate. Issuance of a certificate of conformity. Test reports, production assessment results, other documents on product conformity received by the certification body are analyzed for a final conclusion on product compliance with specified requirements. Based on the results of the assessment, an expert opinion is drawn up. This is the main document on the basis of which the certification body decides to issue a certificate of conformity. If the decision is positive, a certificate is issued, which indicates the grounds for its issuance and the registration number, without which the certificate is invalid. If the expert's opinion is negative, the certification body issues a refusal decision to the applicant indicating the reasons. Application of the mark of conformity. The manufacturer obtains the right to label certified products with the mark of conformity by obtaining a license from the certification body. Usually each system has its own sign. Inspection control over certified products. It is carried out, if it is provided for by the certification scheme, during the entire period of validity of the certificate and license to use the mark of conformity (at least once a year). Form of control - periodic and unscheduled inspections with testing of samples to prove that the manufactured products continue to meet the requirements confirmed by certification. The results of inspection control are documented in an act, which is stored in the certification body. 12. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR CERTIFICATION Certification activities in Russia are legally regulated and ensured by: 1) laws of the Russian Federation "On certification of products and services", "On standardization", "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements", "On protection of consumer rights"; 2) decrees of the President and regulations of the Government of Russia (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1994 No. 100 "On the organization of work on standardization, ensuring the uniformity of measurements, certification of products and services", etc.); 3) by-laws aimed at solving certain socio-economic problems and providing for the use of mandatory certification for this purpose. The normative-methodical base of certification includes: 1) a set of regulatory documents for compliance with the requirements of which products and services are certified, as well as documents establishing methods for verifying compliance with these requirements; 2) a set of organizational and methodological documents that define the rules and procedure for carrying out certification work. The fundamental document of the Russian Federation in the field of certification is the Law "On Certification of Products and Services" No. 5151-1 dated June 10, 1993. In addition to it, Federal Law No. 154-FZ "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Russian Federation" On Certification products and services "", adopted by the State Duma on July 2, 1998 and signed by the President on July 31, 1998. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements" extends the scope of state metrological control and supervision to mandatory certification of products and services, testing and quality control of products in order to determine compliance with the mandatory requirements of state standards. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization" refers to the normative documents on standardization in force on the territory of the country: - state standards of the Russian Federation, international (regional) standards, rules; - norms and recommendations for standardization; - all-Russian classifiers of technical and economic information; - industry standards, etc. In order to develop the national accreditation system, Gosstandard, within the framework of the state standardization system of the Russian Federation, adopted a set of state standards "Accreditation System in the Russian Federation" series 51. State standards of the 000 series in the field of certification of quality and production systems were also adopted. The adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services" stimulated legislative work in the field of certification. In 1993-1998 Over 30 legislative acts of the Russian Federation were adopted in various sectors of the national economy, in which mandatory certification of products and services is introduced. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights" has been actively working for almost 4 years, and the certification system created in accordance with it and other legislative acts is developing and covering an increasing number of areas of the country's economic life. However, the experience of the practical application of the Law in a market economy has led to the need to change it. 13. RF LAW "ON CERTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES" The Law "On Certification of Products and Services" establishes the rights and obligations of participants in certification, the legal basis for voluntary and mandatory certification of products. This law is divided into four sections: 1. General Provisions"; 2) "Compulsory certification"; 3) "Voluntary certification"; 4) "Responsibility for violation of the provisions of this Law". The first section contains general provisions, concepts of certification, this section discusses the general definitions of product certification and establishes the goals of certification. Relations in the field of certification are regulated by this Law and legislative acts issued in accordance with it, which are regulated by Art. 2 of this section. Also in this section, international agreements are discussed that indicate the management of international certification rules in cases where Russia is a member of international certification systems. "The powers of the specially authorized federal executive body in the field of certification" establish the coordinating role of the State Standard, state that certification can be both mandatory and voluntary. The certification system is also defined, the concepts and requirements for the creation and registration of certification in Russia are fully disclosed. The description of the certificate and mark of conformity is given, the full definition of the certificate of conformity of the document issued according to the rules of the certification system is described, such a definition is given to confirm the compliance of the certified products with the established requirements. The second section deals with the topic "Compulsory certification". This section contains 10 articles that disclose and define the responsibilities of each of the participants in mandatory certification. This section indicates that this type of certification is carried out only in those cases that are provided for by the legislative acts of the Russian Federation. The issue of financing work on certification, state control and supervision is also disclosed. In this issue, the types of activities in the field of mandatory certification are determined, this funding is properly carried out at the expense of public funds, this right is enshrined in Art. 16 of the above Law. The third section - "On voluntary certification" - indicates that for products and services that are not subject to mandatory certification in accordance with applicable law, voluntary certification may be carried out at the initiative of the applicants in order to confirm their compliance with the requirements of standards, specifications, as well as recipes and other documents. The rights of the applicant indicate that when concluding a contract for certification, the applicant has the right to receive from the voluntary certification body the necessary information about the rules for product certification, and can also determine the form of certification. The fourth section provides for liability for violation of the provisions of this Law. This Law consists of one article, this article provides for criminal, administrative and civil liability. Legal entities and individuals, as well as government bodies guilty of violating the rules of mandatory certification, bear criminal, administrative or civil liability in accordance with applicable law. 14. STATE CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OVER COMPLIANCE WITH THE RULES OF MANDATORY CERTIFICATION AND CERTIFIED PRODUCTS State control and supervision over compliance by manufacturers (sellers, performers), testing laboratories (centers), certification bodies with the rules of mandatory certification and certified products is carried out by the State Standard of Russia, other specially authorized government bodies of the Russian Federation within their competence. Direct state control and supervision over compliance with the rules of certification and certified products is carried out by officials exercising state control and supervision over compliance with the rules for certification and certified products in the manner and under the conditions established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization". Financing of works on certification and state control and supervision. Mandatory state funding is subject to: - development of forecasts for the development of certification, rules and recommendations for its implementation; providing official information in the field of certification; - participation in the work of international (regional) certification organizations and work with foreign national certification bodies; - development and (or) participation in the development of international (regional) rules and recommendations for certification; - development of draft legislation in the field of certification; - carrying out research and other works on certification of national importance; - conducting state control and supervision over compliance with the rules of certification and over certified products; - maintenance of the State Register for Certification, determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Payment for work on mandatory certification of specific products is made by the applicant in the manner established by the State Standard of Russia and the state authorities of the Russian Federation, which are entrusted with the organization and conduct of mandatory certification by legislative acts of the Russian Federation in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The amount of funds spent by the applicant for the mandatory certification of its products is included in its cost. Voluntary certification. For products that are not subject to mandatory certification in accordance with the legislative acts of the Russian Federation, and for the requirements for compliance with which the legislative acts of the Russian Federation do not provide for mandatory certification, at the initiative of legal entities and citizens, voluntary certification can be carried out under the terms of an agreement between the applicant and the authority for certification. Organization of voluntary certification. Voluntary certification is entitled to be carried out by any legal entity that has assumed the function of a voluntary certification body and has registered a certification system and a mark of conformity with the State Standard of Russia in the manner prescribed by the State Standard of Russia. Mandatory certification bodies are also entitled to conduct voluntary certification subject to the specified conditions. The voluntary certification body establishes the rules for carrying out work in the certification system, including the procedure for their payment. 15. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CERTIFICATION Certification of the quality management system, regardless of the body by which it is carried out (national or foreign), should be characterized by a number of basic principles: 1) the principle of target orientation; 2) the principle of voluntariness; 3) the principle of objectivity; 4) the principle of confidentiality; 5) the principle of advance payment for work to the certification body. 1. The principle of target orientation, i.e. the need for certification of a quality management system with a clearly defined goal. Such a goal may include, for example, the entry of an enterprise into a certain segment of the world market. In this case, it is very important to choose the most authoritative foreign certification body (center, international organization) in the given region (or in the world community). To achieve the above goal, certification of the system by our national body at the present time will be clearly insufficient, since so far the certificates obtained on the basis of certification by foreign certification bodies are more authoritative and, accordingly, have a significant advantage. 2. The principle of voluntariness, i.e., certification of a quality management system at enterprises can only be voluntary, on the initiative and if there is an application from this enterprise. Voluntary certification is entitled to be carried out by any legal entity that has assumed the function of a voluntary certification body and has registered a certification system and a mark of conformity with the State Standard of Russia. 3. The principle of objectivity, i.e., verification and evaluation of the quality management system during its certification should be carried out by competent, highly qualified specialists. None of the employees participating in certification can be directly or indirectly associated with this company, have its shares. At the same time, payment for work on certification should not depend on the conclusion on the verification, evaluation and certification of the system. 4. The principle of confidentiality, i.e. the certification body and its employees must maintain professional secrecy regarding the confidentiality of information obtained as a result of interaction with the supplier. These issues may be the subject of a formal agreement between the certification body and the client. 5. The principle of advance payment for work to the certification body, i.e. payment for certification work must be carried out before the start of their implementation. It is advisable to implement this in two stages. At the first stage, payment is made for a preliminary check and assessment of the quality management system, and then, if a decision is made to conduct the second stage, for the final certification work. In any case, the transfer of money must be completed before the start of each sequentially performed set of works. The cost of works depends mainly on the scale and geographical location of the enterprise, the complexity and volume of production, the model of the quality management system. For example, the certification of a quality system by the Swedish certification bodies costs (depending on the specified factors) 200-250 thousand crowns. 16. RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLATION OF THE RULES OF MANDATORY CERTIFICATION The Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services" (Article 20) provides for criminal, administrative or civil liability, which is borne by legal entities and individuals, as well as government bodies guilty of violating the rules of mandatory certification. Responsibility for violation of these rules is also established for certification bodies and testing laboratories. Administrative responsibility for these violations is established by the Code of Administrative Offenses, and criminal - by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Amendments and Additions to Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Ordering of Responsibility for Illicit Trade". This Law is aimed at protecting the rights and interests of consumers, as well as the state by introducing additions and changes to certain articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. In particular, the following changes have been made regarding the certification of conformity. In Art. 157 (Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) provides for criminal liability for the production and sale of goods that do not meet safety requirements. At the same time, guilty persons are punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine from 100 to 150 minimum wages (minimum wages). The same actions committed by a person previously convicted of the same crime are punishable by imprisonment for a term of 3 to 8 years with confiscation of property and deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of 5 years. Article 146 provides for liability for the sale of goods of inadequate quality (does not meet the requirements of standards, specifications, samples) or in violation of sanitary rules and entails a fine from 3 to 25 minimum wages. Trade in food products in violation of sanitary rules or without a certificate of conformity certifying their safety for the life and health of consumers, entails a warning or a fine from 5 to 150 minimum wages with or without confiscation of goods. In addition to the laws, government bodies - the State Standard, the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, the State Trade Inspectorate and others - develop their own regulatory documents that establish certain rules for issuing orders and applying fines. Gosstandart bodies may issue the following orders: 1) on the termination of the release and sale of goods; 2) on withdrawal from production of goods; 3) on withdrawal from circulation and recall from consumers of goods. Gosstandart has been given the right to impose fines on manufacturers (sellers) for the following violations: for evasion or late execution of orders; for causing damage to consumers of goods - in the amount of the amount of damage. The fact of causing damage and the amount of damage must be confirmed by the decisions of the court, arbitration court that have entered into legal force. Causing damage to consumers of goods can be the result of: - sales of expired products; - sale of goods without special rules developed by the manufacturer or not brought to the attention of the consumer by the seller, the observance of which is required for their safe use; - sales of goods subject to mandatory certification, without a certificate, etc. 17. LEGAL HERITAGE OF THE USSR IN THE FIELD OF CERTIFICATION Certification has received worldwide recognition as one of the forms of ensuring high quality and product safety. The experience gained by international organizations in the development of certification principles in the 1980s. became widely used in the USSR. During this period, the country began to create a legal framework for certification, to participate in the work of international certification systems and agreements. The first legal normative act in the field of certification was the Decree of the Council of Ministers of November 18, 1984 No. 984 "On the procedure for certification of engineering products." The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR gave impetus to the international activities of the USSR in the field of certification and became the fundamental legal normative act in the development of product certification in our country. The main objective of certification was to improve the existing methods in the country to improve the quality of manufactured products, to develop export opportunities for engineering products. To accomplish this task, in 1986, the Provisional Regulations on Certification of Engineering Products in the USSR were adopted, which was an organizational and methodological document that established the basic rules for certification of engineering products within the framework of international certification systems and certification agreements. Certification issues were reflected in the resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 21, 1988 No. 489 "On the restructuring of the activities and organizational structure of the USSR State Committee for Standards" and of October 17, 1989 No. 858 "On the organizational structure of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and standards." The first of these resolutions, the Gosstandart of the USSR was instructed to lead the work on the creation of a national product certification system and to ensure further improvement of the organization of state tests and certification, as well as to carry out a phased transition to certification. The second task was to develop and implement a state program for product quality management, the formation and implementation of comprehensive measures for the development and reliable operation of a network of centers for attestation of production and certification of products that meet international requirements. The Law of the USSR "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" in the country for the first time at the legislative level introduced mandatory certification of products. In accordance with the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated May 22, 1991, the Law was supposed to enter into force on January 1, 1992. The Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR was instructed to take the necessary measures in the second half of 1991: to gradually introduce mandatory certification of products manufactured in the country; to prevent the import into the USSR of substandard products that pose a danger to the life, health or property of citizens. The USSR Law "On Protection of Consumer Rights" did not enter into force, since in December 1991 the USSR ceased to exist. The legal heritage in the field of certification left by the USSR was used to develop and improve this activity in the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. 18. INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION PRACTICE International certification practice helps: 1) eliminate technical barriers that arise during product certification; 2) ensure its unhindered promotion in the relevant markets. The largest international organization is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The agreement contains special recommendations for its participants (more than 100 countries) in the field of standardization and certification. The participating countries of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in their final acts following the meetings in Helsinki (1975) and Vienna (1989) noted the need for cooperation in the field of certification and its use as a means to promote convergence and expansion trade relations of countries. The leading place in the field of organizational and methodological support of certification belongs to ISO, within which the Certification Committee (CERTICO) deals with these issues. In 1985, in connection with the development of work in this area, it was renamed the Conformity Assessment Committee (CASCO). The IEC is working with ISO on certification issues. All guides are issued on behalf of these two organizations (ISO/IEC). The IEC has also organized two international certification systems. In 1980, electronic products were examined for compliance with IEC standards (capacitors, resistors, transistors, cathode ray tubes, etc.). Published in 1985, the "White Book of the EEC" contains a schedule of measures necessary to ensure the free movement of products, capital, services and labor resources. Since 1984, under the auspices of the IEC, the certification system for electrical products (MEKSE) has been operating. This system is aimed at confirming the safety of household electrical appliances, medical equipment, cables and some other products in accordance with IEC standards. The International Conference on Accreditation of Testing Laboratories ILAC annually holds conferences for the exchange of information and experience on the issues of mutual recognition of test results, accreditation of laboratories, assessment of the quality of test results; ILAC is engaged in publishing activities on certification issues and closely cooperates with CASCO, ISO, EEC, ECE, UN, GATT. In order to ensure mutual recognition of test results, the Nordic Laboratory Accreditation Body (NORDA) was established in 1986. In 1991, the International Organization for the Association of Institutions for the countries - members of the EU and the countries - members of the European Free Trade Association developed European standards I of the 45 series. These are organizational and methodological documents relating to the activities of testing laboratories, the product certification body, quality systems and personnel certification. Currently, there are more than 700 certification bodies in Europe. Certification systems are interconnected and act in concert with each other. In total, more than 5000 products are certified in the EEC and EFTA countries, more than 300 certification systems operate in almost all foreign countries. 19. PRODUCTION OR SALES OF GOODS SUBJECT TO LABELS AND PRODUCTS WITHOUT LABELS The object of the offense is the financial, economic interests of commercial organizations, the finances of the state. Special samples of stamps have been established, the parameters of which must comply with the specified norm provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Government Decree "On excise stamps". Excise duties are imposed on the production of food alcohol, wine and vodka products, tobacco and tobacco products, jewelry, gasoline and cars, with the exception of manual vehicles sold to the disabled, and types of mineral raw materials are also subject to excise taxes according to the approved list. Products are divided into two groups: 1) products of a domestic manufacturer; 2) products imported into the territory of the Russian Federation. Such brands of the established sample are: 1) stamps of excise duty; 2) special stamps for marking. Such stamps are produced by the Goznak association, and they are issued by the bodies of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for taxes and fees. These stamps are state reporting documents certifying the legality of the production and circulation of excisable alcohol and tobacco products on the territory of the Russian Federation. The obligation to provide stamps of established samples to organizations that import excisable goods subject to labeling into the territory of the Russian Federation is assigned to the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation. The acquisition of excise duty stamps by organizations - manufacturers of excisable products is evidence that taxpayers have made advance payments on excises. There are products whose packaging does not allow labeling with excise duty stamps or special product stamps. Products are exempted from their application in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, subject to full payment of excises. Violation is characterized by an act and is expressed in the failure by the heads or officials of the organization - manufacturer of labeling with stamps of established samples in the production and sale of excisable goods subject to labeling with stamps of established samples. Under the output should be considered goods that are subject to indirect taxes (excises) included in the price of the goods. The subjects of this type of offense are legal entities and officials directly producing excisable goods and duly registered as payers of excises. Legal entities, officials, individual entrepreneurs are responsible for the correct application and authenticity of the excise duty stamp or special stamp. Persons who have purchased such products at retail are not liable. From the subjective side, the offense associated with the failure to provide labeling with stamps of established samples in the production of excisable goods is characterized by guilt in the form of both direct and indirect intent. So, the release of products without labeling, which needs it, entails administrative responsibility, i.e., an administrative fine imposed on officials in the amount of 30 to 50 minimum wages. 20. NATIONAL BODY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, TECHNICAL COMMITTEES FOR STANDARDIZATION The national standardization body is engaged in the establishment of national standards, and organizes and adopts a program of standards, establishes an examination of projects, all this should be in the interests of the national economy. It also establishes rules and regulations that ensure public access to interested parties in this area, as well as the publication and dissemination of national standards. The publication of national standards by the national standardization body is carried out in Russian in a printed publication, as well as in a public information system. The national body of the Russian Federation creates technical committees for standardization in order to make it easier to organize their activities. This is the executive body for technical regulation. The executive body participates in the development of international standards and, as a rule, ensures the interests of its side when making decisions. Representatives of federal executive bodies, public associations, scientific organizations, entrepreneurs and consumers may be included in such committees on a voluntary basis. The meetings of such technical committees for standardization shall be open to the public. National standards represent the national standardization system. There is a Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" dated December 27.12.2002, XNUMX, which regulates the development of national standards, which are approved by the national standardization body in accordance with the norms and recommendations in the field of standardization. The national standard is applied only on a voluntary basis, regardless of the country or place of origin of the product. The national standardization body develops and approves the program of national standards, and any person can also be the developer of the national standard. The notification is sent to the national standardization body and published in the public information system, in the printed edition of the federal executive body for technical regulation. The notification shall contain information about the provisions in the draft national standard that differ from the provisions of the relevant international standards. In the project, first of all, for familiarization of interested parties, the availability of the draft national standard should be ensured. The project developer must, at the request of the interested person, provide a copy of the national standard, the fee for such a service cannot exceed the cost of its production. If the developer was a federal executive body, in this case, the fee for a copy of the national standard is paid to the federal budget. The national standardization body, based on the documents provided by the technical committee for standardization, decides whether to approve or reject the national standard. 21. CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPORT INTO THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO MANDATORY CONFIRMATION OF CONFORMITY Article 29 of the Law of the Russian Federation of December 27.12.2002, XNUMX "On technical regulation" applies to imported products under the following conditions: - products are allowed to be imported and traded on the territory of the Russian Federation; - products are imported for the purpose of alienation or use in accordance with its purpose in the territory of the Russian Federation; - products are included in the lists approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Also, the following documents must be delivered to the customs authority: - Declaration of conformity of product quality; - documents on recognition in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation; - certificate of conformity. There are also customs regimes established by the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, under which there is no possibility of alienating products. Without hindrance, products are imported into the territory of R Ф, in which customs regimes are indicated, such products are admitted by customs authorities without providing documents confirming compliance. The customs authorities are guided by the List of goods subject to mandatory certification, exceptions are made from this list, which state that the following products may be admitted to the customs territory of the Russian Federation without presenting certificates of conformity: - products that were in use; - products as samples for research and testing for certification purposes; - products imported by an individual not for commercial use; - products for official use by representative offices of foreign states, organizations and their personnel. Without providing a certificate of conformity, goods that are imported in single quantities and will be used only by the persons who import them can be admitted to the territory of the Russian Federation. Results confirming the conformity of product quality to standards can be recognized by Russia in accordance with international agreements on mutual recognition. According to the confirmed and concluded contracts, products subject to confirmation of conformity are admitted to the territory of the Russian Federation without repeated examinations. The procedure for recognition of foreign certificates of conformity, marks of conformity and various types of recognition documents are provided for by agreements. Customs regimes provide for the possibility of alienation or use of these products in accordance with their purpose in the territory of the Russian Federation. On the basis of technical regulations, the Government of the Russian Federation approves the customs clearance of products, lists of products. Compliance with the requirements of technical regulations is carried out by federal executive authorities, as well as executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. State control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations is carried out by officials of state control bodies in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Products placed under customs regimes that do not provide for the possibility of their alienation are produced by the customs authorities of the Russian Federation. 22. CLASSIFICATION OF CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS Product certification systems can be divided according to various classification criteria. The following is a classification of the most common certification systems according to the main classification criteria. A national product certification system is created at the national level by a governmental or non-governmental organization. Gosstandart of Russia is defined as the national certification body in the Russian Federation. In addition to state forms of control over the safety and quality of products, other parallel forms of this activity are developing in the conditions of the emerging market, in particular, the system of certification of exchange goods. For the development and practical implementation of this system, JSC "Certification of Exchange Commodities" was created. The voluntary certification system provides for the certification of products only at the initiative of their manufacturers. In this case, they have the right to certify their products for compliance with any requirements of scientific and technical documentation, including foreign ones. This type of certification can give a lot to improve the competitiveness of products. An independent product certification system (self-certification) is created by the enterprise itself - the manufacturer of the products. At the same time, certificates for products are issued by the enterprise itself strictly under its own responsibility. In essence, self-certification is a manufacturer's statement about the compliance of its products and production with the requirements of the RTD. A regional international product certification system is created at the level of some countries of one region. For example, within the framework of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, there are about 100 certification systems and agreements operating at the regional level. The international product certification system is created at the level of a number of countries from any regions of the world by an international government organization. A mandatory system is created for products for which the NTD must contain requirements for environmental protection, ensuring the safety of life and health of people. In this case, a manufacturer without an appropriate certificate has no right not only to sell products, but also to manufacture them. A third-party product certification system is created by a third-party organization that checks, evaluates and confirms the compliance of the manufacturer's products and activities carried out by him with the requirements of the NTD. It is very important in this situation to have well-equipped testing centers, laboratories (stands) for certification of products. The consistent implementation of the foundations of domestic legislation in the field of certification of products and services, the intensification of the activities of governmental and non-governmental organizations in this direction predetermined the formation in the country of an organizational and technical mechanism for certification in the legislatively mandatory and voluntary spheres; made it possible to start coordinating the activities of federal executive bodies in the field of mandatory certification in order to implement state policy. 23. PRODUCTS THAT DO NOT COMPLY WITH TECHNICAL REGULATIONS The release into circulation of products that do not meet the requirements of technical regulations leads to the liability of the certification body and its official. Responsibility for this violation is provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the agreement on certification work. It is also responsible for the unreasonable issuance of a certificate of conformity for products that are subject to mandatory certification. Violation of the requirements of the rules for certification work is punishable by an administrative fine imposed on officials in the amount of 10 to 20 minimum wages with confiscation of the objects of the administrative violation, and on legal entities - in the amount of 200 to 300 minimum wages with the confiscation of the objects of the administrative violation. It also provides for administrative liability for the unreasonable issuance of a declaration of conformity. Registration of the declaration of conformity is carried out by the federal executive body for technical regulation. The subjects of an administrative offense are the certification body and its official, as well as an individual entrepreneur performing the functions of a certification body. Also, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for criminal liability for violation of the rules for performing certification work. Responsibility arises in the event of illegal issuance of an official document certifying the compliance of these goods with safety requirements. Illegal issuance of an official document occurs in cases of issuing such a document without certification as an activity for conducting product compliance with established requirements or when issuing a document that falsely certifies product compliance with safety requirements. The corpus delicti is formal, it does not provide for the mandatory occurrence of harm to the health of the consumer. A qualified composition provides for the infliction of serious harm to human health or death through negligence. Illegal issuance of the certificate led to the release into circulation of products that do not meet safety requirements. Responsibility arises only in case of violation of safety requirements by the product. The subjects of responsibility are the heads of certification bodies or individual entrepreneurs performing the functions of a certification body. Civil liability arises as a result of the release into circulation of products that do not meet the requirements of technical regulations. If the applicant has suffered moral damage or harm, the certification body compensates for the damage caused to the applicant as a result of violation of the certification rules. In accordance with Art. 41 of the Federal Law for violation of the rules for performing certification work, a body or an official who has violated the rules for performing certification work shall be liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the agreement on carrying out certification work. 24. REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY SYSTEMS The requirements for quality systems are contained in ISO standards, they provide general guidance on product quality and quality assurance standards, as well as guidance on selection and application. Several models are also available to ensure quality in design, development, production, installation and service. The quality system contains several models to ensure product quality. The elements of the quality system contain the basis of the state standardization system of the Russian Federation and constitute the main provisions, the procedure for the development, approval, approval of state standards, as well as the registration of technical specifications. The state system of the Russian Federation contains general requirements for the construction, definition, presentation, design and content of standards. In Russia, there are three state quality standards - models for quality assurance for: - final quality control and testing; - design and quality development, production, installation and maintenance; - production and installation. The following provisions are included in the state standards of the Russian Federation: 1) product quality requirements must necessarily comply with established standards, this is an inalienable rule in the performance of work and the provision of services, ensuring safety for life, health and property. Also, in order to protect the environment, enterprises must comply with sanitary and hygienic requirements. Mandatory safety requirements, as well as industrial hygiene at enterprises; 2) requirements for compatibility and interchangeability of products; 3) methods of control of product quality requirements should be given an important role, which should directly ensure safety for life, health and property, environmental protection; 4) basic consumer and operational properties of products, requirements for packaging (standards are provided for the proper type of packaging), transportation and disposal of products; 5) provisions ensuring technical unity in the development, production, operation of products, rules for ensuring product quality, safety and rational use of all types of resources. The conditions for the preparation of quality systems for certification require the presence of precisely established procedures, in order to be responsible in the manufacture of products, a small number of deviations may be present, but should not exceed the established norm. Testing laboratories must be available, where research must be carried out without fail. It is also in the interests of the enterprise producing the products that a high degree of productivity and the use of statistical methods of process control should be present. Transactions are subject to documentary registration. Organizational quality systems should be in place, and a quality department should also be present. 25. MEANS OF CERTIFICATION Three types of standards serve as means of confirming compliance: 1) standards for control methods (tests, analysis, measurements); 2) product or service standards; 3) standards for processes containing requirements for labeling, packaging, transportation, use of products for their intended purpose. With the help of standards for control methods, the actual values of the quality indicators of the objects being certified are established. Product standards allow the actual value to be compared with the base or regulated requirements of the standards, thereby confirming compliance. Certain requirements are imposed on standards as means of certification: - a clear indication in the "Scope" section of the possibility of use for certification purposes; - the development of standards should include the promotion of technology development, which is usually achieved by establishing requirements for the performance properties of the product; - standards that fulfill their purpose should specify only those characteristics that are necessary to determine the properties of the product or its performance requirements; - inclusion in the standard of only those characteristics that can be objectively verified; - clarity, accuracy, validity and specificity of the formulation of characteristics and requirements, the absence of subjective elements; - obligatory standards for test methods, if a reference to these standards is established in the product standard in terms of checking mandatory requirements; - requirements for labeling should provide unambiguous identification of manufactured certified products, and also contain instructions on the conditions of use, the method of applying the mark of conformity. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services" provides for two types of certification: mandatory and voluntary. Mandatory certification is carried out in cases where regulatory documents for products - standards, rules and others - contain requirements for ensuring the safety of the environment, life, health and property of citizens, as well as for ensuring technical information compatibility, interchangeability of products. The rest of the requirements are recommendations. Their observance is at the discretion of the product manufacturer. With a positive result of mandatory certification, its result is the issuance of a certificate of compliance with safety requirements. Voluntary certification - certification carried out on a voluntary basis at the initiative of the manufacturer, seller or consumer of products. Voluntary certification can be carried out: - in relation to products not subject to mandatory certification; - in relation to that part of the requirements of regulatory documents, the fulfillment of which is not subject to confirmation in the form of mandatory certification; - in cases where the requirements of regulatory documents are formulated only in general terms, and it is advisable to characterize the actual quality of the product more specifically; - in cases where there are no regulatory documents regulating the quality of this type of product. With a positive result of voluntary certification, its result is the issuance of a quality certificate. 26. AGREEMENT ON COOPERATION TO ENSURE THE UNITY OF MEASUREMENTS OF TIME AND FREQUENCY The parties to this agreement, hereinafter referred to as the "Contracting Parties" - the governments of the states, realizing the scientific, technical and economic feasibility of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of time and frequency, and also taking into account the practical significance of the results of these measurements for navigation, television, radio, transport services, etc. ., rely on the existing time and frequency service infrastructure and determine the parameters of the earth's rotation. In 1992, an agreement was adopted on the implementation of a coordinated policy in the field of standardization, metrology and certification. The Parties, based on their capabilities, carry out work in the field of measurements of time and frequency, parameters of the Earth's rotation in the following areas: - scientific research is being carried out; - development of more accurate methods for studying the comparison of time, frequency and measurement methods; - comparison of the time of the Contracting Parties; - ensuring the transmission of time signals; - monitoring the transmission of time and frequency signals through national means of communication, including satellite ones; - the parameters of the earth's rotation should be determined. A council of authorized representatives of national metrology bodies, one from each Contracting Party, has also been established. The cost of carrying out the work of national time and frequency services shall be borne by the respective state. Joint work on the provision of services is carried out on the basis of agreements and contracts between governments, national authorities or interested organizations of the Contracting Parties, and, in addition, the conditions for their financing are stipulated. Each of the parties may withdraw from the agreement, for this the Party must send a written notice of at least 12 months in advance, and the depositary, in turn, notifies all Contracting Parties of this. This must happen no later than within a month. If there have been changes in the procedure for calculating time and the boundaries of time zones in the territory of another Contracting Party, then each of the Contracting Parties must notify all other Contracting Parties at least 45 days in advance. The agreement between the Contracting Parties shall enter into force on the day of its signing, and the agreement may be supplemented or amended with the consent of the parties. Proposals for additions and changes are sent to the depository. This agreement has been drawn up by the parties, may remain open for accession by other states that recognize its position and are interested in achieving the goals and objectives of the Agreement. This agreement was signed in Bishkek on October 9, 1992. 27. PARTIES TO CERTIFICATION The subjects can be: product manufacturers, service providers, customers-sellers, a third party independent of the first or second parties, an enterprise, an organization that has applied for accreditation or certification. Manufacturers of products in accordance with the GOST R Certification Rules: - send an application for certification, in accordance with the rules of the system, submit products, regulatory, technical documentation necessary for certification; - ensure the compliance of the products sold with the requirements of regulatory documents, according to which certification was carried out; - suspend the sale of products subject to mandatory certification, if it does not meet the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents, upon the expiration of the certificate; - apply the certificate and mark of conformity, guided by the legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the rules of the system; - notify the certification body of changes made to the technical documentation and the technical process of certified products, if these changes affect the characteristics verified during certification. A third party is a person or body recognized as independent of the parties involved in the issue under consideration. Certification bodies can act as a third party: - national, central and territorial; - testing laboratories; - expert auditors; - a body that certifies conformity. If the certification body also performs the functions of a testing laboratory, then the term "certified center" can be used. The central certification body is the body that leads the system of certification of homogeneous products. Testing laboratory - a laboratory that tests certain products. The certification system of the Russian Federation provides for the following distribution of responsibility between certification participants: - the manufacturer is responsible for the compliance of the products sold with the requirements of regulatory documents that are controlled during certification, and for marking with the mark of conformity in the prescribed manner; - testing laboratory - for the compliance of its certification tests with the requirements of regulatory documents, as well as the reliability and objectivity of their results; - certification body - for the validity and correctness of issuing a certificate of conformity. Products, processes or services are subject to certification. In the field of certification, a product or service is considered as an object that is subject to testing for confirmation by a standard or other normative document. The initial stage of certification testing of objects is the identification of products or services. In this case, identification is understood as confirmation of the authenticity of the product with the name indicated on the label. In the Russian GOST R certification system, a slightly different definition of this term is given: "Product identification is a procedure by which the conformity of products submitted for certification with the requirements for products is established." 28. QUALITY CONTROL Quality is the total number of features of a product or service that satisfies the requirements of buyers or customers. The raw materials from which a product is made, product design and engineering, product performance, reliability and long-term use are important characteristics of a quality package that ultimately influences the consumer's decision to purchase a product and then repeat their purchase. Product quality is an important source of product differentiation, enabling an enterprise to establish brand loyalty and competitive advantage over rivals. Quality control - a systematic check of products, a sample of a product in a line or at various stages of production. The purpose of the audit is to ensure that all required standards are maintained and that the allowable values are not exceeded. In mass production, statistical analysis of the parameters of a randomly selected sample of the final product is of great importance. The more actively the control of the sample is carried out, the higher the reputation of the manufacturer as a manufacturer of high-quality products. Quality control schedules are widely used in mass production. On the horizontal axis of the graph plotted units of time, and on the vertical - the values of variables such as the percentage of defective products. Any prolonged increase in a variable should be immediately analyzed and corrected. The standards include: 1) a sample, a standard, a model, taken as initial ones for comparing homogeneous objects with them; 2) a regulatory and technical document that defines the requirements for the objects of standardization: for products, rules that ensure its development, production and use, etc. Abroad, along with mandatory (legalized) non-mandatory standards. The domestic standard of an enterprise (valid only for it) corresponds to an intra-company standard developed taking into account demand, competition in national and foreign markets, etc. Quality control includes several activities: a) interpretation of the product specification; b) inspection of products at each stage of production, including random checks, when samples of products are selected, and then the operation of components is checked on special equipment and those that are found to be defective are rejected. As a result of such a check, production operations can be quickly changed, for example, by changing equipment. This will prevent the further production of defective products and, thus, save on the correction of defects or on the further alteration of the finished product, which in the end will be rejected anyway; c) cooperation with marketing, production, research and development departments and making changes in production and improving product quality; d) conducting periodic quality audits to review the effectiveness of quality control procedures. 29. QUALITY AS A CONTROL OBJECT The work of any enterprise is based on the following principle: all employees of the enterprise bear both individual and collective responsibility for maintaining high quality standards in relation to all products manufactured by the enterprise, as well as services and fulfilling all customer requirements. Quality management inevitably operates with such concepts as system, environment, goal, program, etc. Total quality management has internal and external aspects. Usually, the global success or failure of a business depends on the ability of the enterprise to meet the needs of external customers. Product quality can be the most important source of a company's competitive advantage over its competitors. Total Quality Management emphasizes that a company's ability to generate and maintain quality benefits stems from the quality of every internal operation. The company consists of a network of interacting departments, each of which is in a seller-buyer relationship with other departments. This is how the internal flow of raw materials, processing and assembly operations, from inception to finished product, warehousing and dispatch takes place. Total Quality Management aims to establish unity of interest and commitment to maintaining the highest standards possible at each of these levels. Total Quality Management, in particular, tries to minimize the amount of time and money spent on quality control by preventing the occurrence of any product quality problems (i.e., defective components and finished products, as well as production waste). Every worker's desire to produce quality products can be strengthened through the use of quality circles and various worker participation programs. Quality circles - a body consisting of employees of the enterprise who meet regularly, usually under the guidance of a boss, and discuss ways to improve the quality and improve the organization of the production of a product or service. Employee participation programs include: 1) strengthening the motivation of the workforce by distributing company shares among the staff. The participation of employees in the share capital of the company has now become an important factor in improving relations between management and workers in industry; 2) introduction to the board of directors of a representative of the company's employees in order to ensure the participation of personnel in the management of the company. Product quality assurance involves the overall involvement of the organization in the identification and prevention of quality problems in order to maintain the selected level of product standard. Quality assurance requires managers and employees from all functional departments (production, marketing, purchasing, etc.) to work together to produce more reliable products or services. It is possible to form small teams of foremen and managers within each functional unit to identify and solve quality problems. The following quality management concepts are currently used: - total quality management; - quality assurance; - quality control; - statistical quality control; - quality assurance system; - product guarantee; - general production management; - advanced production experience; - production resource management system; - total quality management in the field of environmental protection; - universal provision of production; - integrated process management; - management for quality improvement; - full quality and performance management; - integrated quality management; - a system for implementing continuous improvements; - complete transformation of quality; - quality system; - a management system based on quality management. 30. QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS Product quality management is understood as a constant, systematic, purposeful process of influencing at all levels the factors and conditions that ensure the creation of a product of optimal quality and its full use. The essence of control lies in the development of control decisions and the subsequent implementation of the control actions provided for by these decisions on a specific control object. The main tasks of quality management are: study of the sales market; study of national and international requirements for manufactured products; development of methods and means of influencing the processes of research, design and production; collection, analysis, storage of information about product quality. In the theory and practice of quality management, the following five main stages are distinguished. 1. Making decisions "what to produce" and preparing specifications for production. 2. Checking the readiness of production and the distribution of organizational responsibility. 3. The process of manufacturing products. 4. Elimination of defects and providing feedback information in order to make changes to the production process and control that allow avoiding identified defects in the future. 5. Development of long-term plans for the quality of products. In the first stage, quality refers to the extent to which a firm's products or services meet its internal specifications. At the second stage, the quality of the structure is assessed. The quality can meet the firm's technical requirements for product design. However, the design itself can be of both high and low quality. In the third stage, quality refers to the extent to which the performance or performance of the firm's products satisfies the real needs of consumers. The product quality management system is based on the following interrelated categories of management: object, factors, goals, functions; means, subject; principles, etc. Quality management is considered as a corrective impact on the process of quality formation in production and its manifestation in consumption. Quality management is aimed at regulating all stages of the life cycle and provides for: 1) technical preparation of production; 2) the process of manufacturing products; 3) motivation and remuneration; 4) financial activities; 5) input control; 6) quality control of work and products; 7) after-sales service. The product quality management process consists of the following operations: 1) development of a program for managing, planning and improving product quality; 2) collection and analysis of information about any object that affects the quality; 3) development of managerial decisions on quality management and preparation of impacts on the facility; 4) issuance of management decisions; 5) analysis of information about changes in the quality of the object, which are caused by managerial influences. When managing product quality, the direct objects of management, as a rule, are the processes on which product quality depends. They are created and run at the pre-production, production and post-production stages of the product life cycle. 31. TQM SYSTEM AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS APPLICATION The principle of TQM is total quality management. It includes production, organization, discipline, morality, level and qualification of personnel, i.e., it solves the problem of the quality of labor. The principle of TQM is based on: - the interest and participation of all performers in the creation of a product that satisfies the consumer; - creation of conditions for selecting a supplier on a competitive basis; - expansion of production and prosperity of firms, - producing products with the best quality. The limitation here is the reasonableness of the price of the goods, i.e., the correspondence of the magnitude of the excess of consumer properties to the increase in the cost of improving quality. This gives a win for the entire team and society as a whole, since the high quality of marketable products contributes to the growth of the manufacturer's prestige, its attractiveness to investors, and increases the employment of the population. TQM is based on compliance with international quality standards of the ISO 9000 series. The need to bring the requirements of these standards closer to the principles of TQM necessitated the creation of new versions of ISO 9000. TQM principles meet the needs of residents of all regions and countries. Therefore, their level quite fully assesses the quality of life of people. Stimulates the approximation of the requirements of ISO 9000 standards to the principles of TQM free competition that develops in market relations. Currently, the use of TQM is possible with a strict quality control system at all stages of the product life cycle. This requires large material costs, which can be used to solve other problems that can increase the attractiveness of the product. Modern versions of quality standards contain not only qualitative, but also quantitative criteria for assessing the level of products in the form of legally established uniform international requirements that are mandatory for both the contractor and the customer. They remove many contentious issues related to the coordination of prices, profits, quality management, create objective numerical indicators for evaluating the offered products during tenders, etc. The principles of TQM become the foundation for building business plans and promising directions for the development of the enterprise, creating sustainable teams interested in the prosperity of the company in which performers are employed. One of the forms of assessing achievements in the field of TQM is the recognition of goods at exhibitions, the awarding of international and national awards in the field of quality. This is an effective advertisement of manufactured products and a powerful incentive for a systematic increase in the quality of manufactured goods. In the future, it should be expected that the principles of TQM, as the requirements of quality management are met, will capture the entire enterprise in the direction of creating an integrated management system in all areas of facility management. It should be emphasized that the implementation of TQM principles is based on the personal contribution and interest of each member of the workforce. Successful application of TQM is possible if methods of solving problems are brought to each performer, show his place in the implementation of the planned, the possibility of a stable existence. This requires the creation of a system of advanced training for all levels of performers. 32. QUALITY MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS All quality management activities are carried out on the basis of special functions. In this regard, they can be divided into the following management functions. 1. The function of forecasting needs, technical level and product quality is aimed at: - identification of scientific, technical and economic opportunities and ways to meet the prospective requirements of the consumer; - identification of consumer requirements for the nomenclature, assortment and quality of products for the prospective period of its production and consumption; - determination of the nomenclature, quality indicators in the development of promising types of products and the modernization of existing ones. 2. The function of planning to improve product quality involves: - development of new types of products; - improving the technical level and quality of products; - development of tasks for the development of new products; - Improving the quality of manufactured products and the quality of work. 3. The function of developing and setting up production of products is aimed at creating samples of new products, the technical level and economic performance of which meet or exceed the best achievements. 4. The function of technological product quality assurance is designed to ensure technological readiness for the production of products from the first samples or batches in accordance with the established indicators. 5. The function of metrological assurance of product quality involves the timely implementation in full of measures to achieve unity and the required accuracy of measurements of product parameters. 6. The function of logistics support of product quality is aimed at the supply of raw materials, components, etc. 7. The function of training and advanced training of personnel in the field of improving product quality is aimed at organizing training for all categories of employees in advanced methods of developing, manufacturing and using products. 8. The function of organizing relationships on product quality between consumers and suppliers implies the existence of extensive information links between suppliers of raw materials, components, on the one hand, and between consumers of products and manufacturers, on the other. 9. The function of ensuring the stability of the planned quality level is aimed at preventing and eliminating the causes that adversely affect product quality. 10. The function of quality control during product testing is aimed at preventing the release of products that do not meet the requirements of standards, specifications, drawings, approved samples, delivery terms and contracts. 11. The function of technical and economic analysis of product improvement is aimed at identifying the final results of enterprises. 12. The function of legal support of the product quality management system is designed to ensure the effective use of means and forms of legal influence on the bodies and objects of management at all stages of the product life cycle. 13. The product quality promotion function is aimed at expanding the production of high quality products and ensuring a systematic renewal of the product range. 33. EIGHT PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) The main principles include: 1) continuous improvement. Continual improvement of performance as a whole should be seen as an unchanging goal of any organization; 2) leader's leadership. Leaders ensure the unity of purpose and direction of the organization; 3) involvement of employees. Employees at all levels form the backbone of an organization. The involvement of employees enables the organization to profitably use their abilities, improve the quality of the product; 4) approach to the system as a process. The planned result is achieved more efficiently when activities and related resources are managed as a single process; 5) consumer orientation. Organizations depend on their customers and therefore must understand their current and future needs, meet their requirements; 6) a systematic approach to management. Identification, understanding and management of interrelated processes as a system contribute to the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization in achieving its goals; 7) making decisions based on facts; 8) mutually beneficial relationships with suppliers. An organization and its suppliers are interdependent, and a relationship of mutual benefit enhances the ability of both parties to create value. These eight quality management principles form the basis of the ISO 9000 quality management system standards. The impact of production goes beyond the study of needs and strict adherence to standards for manufactured products. When management policies include these TQM principles, the firm is able to function effectively in a competitive environment. With the stable operation of the enterprise, when each of the employees, firstly, imagines the goals of the organization, and secondly, understands that these goals are realistic and measurable, the influence of all stakeholders on the company also increases, since their well-being depends on the success of the company . To increase the interest in the activities of the enterprise of all parties specified in the principles of TQM, its management should adhere to the following management approaches: - the policy developed by the top management should be stable at least for the nearest period; - the policy of the organization should be communicated to each of the employees; - the tasks facing the firm should be formulated in an accessible and simple language. The management system chosen by an organization largely depends on the goals and objectives set by the management, as well as on the range of products and specific practical experience. Thus, in order for the consumer to receive quality products, a management system is needed that takes into account the interests of all stakeholders. This approach makes it less conflicting to implement a quality system throughout the integrated supply chain. The introduction of the proposed system can allow the production manager to: - manage production promptly, while minimizing risks; - avoid unreasonable losses and minimize production costs; - receive operational information in real time; - manage processes flexibly. 34. METHODS, MEANS AND FACTORS OF MANAGEMENT Methods and means of control - the ways in which the controls act on the elements of the productive process, ensuring the achievement of the planned state and quality level. In the quality management process, 3 main groups of methods are used. 1. Economic methods. They ensure the creation of economic conditions that encourage teams of enterprises, technological and other organizations to study the needs of consumers, create, manufacture and service products that satisfy these needs and requests. 2. Methods of material incentives, providing, on the one hand, encouraging employees for the creation and manufacture of high-quality products, and on the other hand, penalties for damage caused by the manufacture of low-quality products. 3. Organizational and administrative methods, carried out through mandatory directives, orders, instructions from managers. Management tools include office equipment, communications, everything that is used by bodies and persons performing special functions in quality management systems. The product quality management tools also include: 1) a bank of regulatory documentation regulating product quality indicators and organizing the performance of special quality management functions; 2) metrological means, including state standards of physical quantities, exemplary and working measuring instruments; 3) the state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements (GSI); 4) State Service of Standard Reference Data on the Properties of Substances and Materials (GSRS). Management tools should act on unsatisfactory factors and conditions, as well as coordinate the actions of all performers. Quality management is an organic combination of economic, legal, organizational and other factors affecting quality, which are divided into forming, providing, stimulating, internal, external, functional and systemic. Factors that shape product quality include: - quality of raw materials; - quality of materials and components; - product design; - quality of technological processes. Quality assurance factors include: - appropriate marking; - packaging; - rational conditions of delivery, storage, prevention and care during operation. Factors stimulating the production of high quality products include: - improvement of social and economic conditions of work, rest, life, medical care; - granting benefits and privileges to staff, etc. The next group of factors affecting quality is divided into objective and subjective. Objective factors include: - quality of design and normative-technical documentation; - uninterrupted operation of equipment and tools; - the level of standardization, unification and typification. Subjective quality factors include: - qualification, skill and experience of the staff; culture of work and production; - material and moral stimulation and motivation of work; - observance of labor and technological discipline. 35. DOMESTIC EXPERIENCE OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT. APPLICATION OF A SYSTEM APPROACH IN PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT A system product in product quality management at enterprises is the result of the evolution of the forms and methods of work on quality, starting from an individual form of organizing work on quality and ending with the widespread introduction of a systemic organization of work on quality. The most characteristic representatives of the system organization of work are considered to be: - the Saratov system for defect-free manufacturing of products and its delivery to the quality control department and the customer from the first presentation, the more advanced KANAR-SPI system developed by a number of design organizations in the Gorky region; - Yaroslavl NORM system; - Lviv integrated product quality management system (CS UKP). According to the Saratov BIP system, introduced at the enterprises of the Saratov region in 1955, a mechanism was found to activate the participants in the production process, stimulating them to identify and eliminate not defects, but the causes of defects. After the second presentation, the worker lost the bonus. The inevitability of punishment forced the worker to strictly observe technological discipline or make claims to the master, the chief mechanic service, if the cause of the defect was poor-quality materials, blanks, equipment, machine. The Gorky system provides for a wide, stable and constant interaction between the experimental design bureau - the developer and the plant that carries out mass production. The main task is to identify and eliminate at the pre-production stage in the process of preparing the production of new products or services of possible causes of defects or failures. The system was designed to virtually eliminate the fine-tuning of the product and technology during mass production. It provided: 1) careful conduct of research, design and experimental work when creating a product; 2) accelerated and special tests for the durability of product units; 3) widespread use of methods of full-scale, model and mathematical modeling of the behavior of the product, its components and assemblies in conditions close to operation; 4) full implementation of work on the technological preparation of mass production. The Yaroslavl NORM system was introduced in the mid-1960s. at the Yaroslavl motor plant "Avtodiesel". In this system, one of the most important technical parameters was taken as a quality criterion - the resource before the first overhaul. Particular attention was paid to the development of design and technology, providing an increase in the technical level and quality of the engine. It also used and developed the main elements of the Saratov and Gorky systems for organizing work on the quality of products, as in the Gorky system, the experience of using the Saratov system for defect-free manufacturing of products was used. In the 1970s as a result of a joint scientific and production experiment of the enterprises of the Lvov region, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Standardization of the State Standard of the USSR and the scientific and production association "System", an integrated product quality management system was developed and tested. In it, the organization of work on quality is carried out by forming the functions and tasks of quality management. 36. THE CONCEPT OF A SYSTEM APPROACH IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT, ENTERPRISE STANDARDS The main goal of a systematic approach to quality management is to ensure high and sustainable growth in the quality of products manufactured by the enterprise. It is achieved: 1) by creating new high-quality types of products; 2) timely production of new products; 3) removal from production of obsolete products; 4) improving the quality indicators of products through its improvement and modernization. Functions and tasks, ways and methods of their implementation are fixed in the complex of enterprise standards (STP). The range of functions and tasks included in the STP includes the following items: - special training and education of personnel; - standardization of requirements for product quality; product certification; - stimulating the improvement of product quality; - quality control and product testing; organization of logistics; - legal support of product quality management; - forecasting needs, technical level and product quality; - planning to improve product quality; - information support of the product quality management system; - supervision over the implementation and observance of standards, specifications and the state of measuring instruments; - organization of development and production of products; - organization of technological preparation of production; - organization of metrological support. The use of organizational design has been and is of great importance in the creation of an integrated system and the development of a systematic approach to product quality management. The development of system projects, subject to all design rules, made it possible to implement a truly comprehensive PCD and link all aspects of the enterprise's activities in the field of product quality. A comprehensive plan for improving product quality was to play a special role in this. An integrated product quality management system (QMS) is an organizational structure for the distribution of powers and responsibilities, requirements and methods for their implementation, and also includes the resources necessary for its operation. CS UKP is the main part of the overall enterprise management system. Interaction is carried out at five levels. 1. Organization of work on product quality management at the level of enterprise management. 2. Organization of work on product quality management at the level of chief specialists who ensure the solution of the tasks of a comprehensive program for ensuring product quality. 3. Organization of work on the UKP at the level of heads of workshops and departments that implement measures for the QS of the UKP within their departments. 4. Organization of work on the PCD at the level of heads of bureaus, sections that ensure the organization of defect-free manufacturing of products and the work of performers in terms of quality. 5. Organization of the work of direct executors to ensure high quality products, which in their activities organize personal work, strict execution and compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation, ensuring the achievement of high product quality indicators. 37. PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (QUQP) The quality management system of an enterprise should function in such a way that a potential customer or consumer is confident that: ^ his requirements for this product will be fully satisfied, meet all previously agreed wishes; ^ products as a result of its continuous improvement, taking into account the achievements of domestic and foreign scientists, as well as the accumulated experience, will continue to satisfy the growing needs of customers or consumers. Turning to the organizational structure of an integrated product quality management system, it should be noted that: 1) the implementation of the above requirements is carried out on the basis of permanent organizational, technical, economic measures to ensure and maintain the required level of product quality during development, production and operation; 2) emerging problems will not only be eliminated, but will not be able to arise in the future due to the operation of an effective mechanism for preventing their occurrence; 3) the general management of the system is carried out by the general director of the enterprise, who determines the policy in the field of product quality and provides the necessary conditions for its implementation; 4) methodological guidance and coordination of the activities of all quality management units is carried out by the product quality management bureau, which is structurally part of the technical control department and reports to the deputy general director for quality; 5) operational development of organizational and technical measures to prevent product failure during testing and operation is carried out with the help of the coordinating council for quality; 6) coordination of the activities of structural units for the implementation of the quality policy and the requirements of the quality manual, the development of fundamental documents, general rules, standards and procedures for quality assurance is assigned to the Deputy General Director for product quality; 7) the generalization of best practices and the prompt solution of quality problems are solved with the help of collective bodies in the structure of an integrated product quality management system (permanent quality commission, quality meeting, quality management groups in departments, technical councils of workshops, temporary creative teams, etc.). d.); 8) the objects of control in the system are the conditions and factors that affect the quality assurance of products. These include: 1) the state of design, technical, regulatory and technical documentation; 2) the quality of equipment, tooling, tools, measuring instruments, control; 3) the quality of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, purchased components; 4) quality of organization and management of production; 5) the quality of production processes and the rhythm of work; 6) the economic mechanism and its constituent elements (plan, pricing, economic incentives, etc.); 7) the quality of personnel management in the enterprise. 38. DISADVANTAGES OF THE INTEGRATED PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QQP) The introduction of an integrated product quality management system at domestic enterprises has had a lot of positive experience in improving product quality. But at the same time, it should be taken into account that in the practical use of the methods of CS PCP, shortcomings have also appeared that, in modern conditions, no longer allow the manufacture of competitive products. Among the shortcomings inherent in the integrated product quality management system, it should be noted: 1) the passivity of enterprise managers in matters of creating and improving ICD systems, as well as in creating and staffing ICD units with trained and initiative workers; 2) formal attitude to the organization of PCP systems; 3) a superficial analysis of the state of affairs in the field of product quality and the same approach to the creation and empowerment of the relevant functions of the COP of the UKP, neglect of the most important principles of product quality management; 4) the bulkiness of the system, caused by the creation of a large number of enterprise standards, often duplicating each other; 5) emasculation and exclusion from the developed documents of valuable and necessary provisions for work in the field of product quality, upon their coordination with the interested services; 6) not all divisions of enterprises participated in the work to improve and ensure the quality of products; 7) insufficient level of traceability of materials, parts, assemblies and products in cases where they have defects and failures; 8) forgetting the fundamental principles of the UKP at some enterprises in real conditions; 9) the work on the PCD within the system was headed by the departments of technical control, and not by the first managers of the enterprise, which created contradictions between the managers and the QCD when working "to plan" and "for quality"; 10) lack of incentives for the production of high-quality products; 11) incomplete coverage of management conditions and factors affecting product quality; 12) underestimation of the role of training in the PCD, which led to a lack of understanding by employees of the need to work in the field of product quality, the importance of compliance with and implementation of enterprise standards; 13) incomplete interconnection of the UKP system with other management systems; 14) weak methodological guidance on the part of industry, head and base organizations for UKP and standardization; 15) insufficient level of material and technical, technological and metrological support of production. The PCD systems did not adequately reflect the importance and role of personnel in ensuring product quality. The main disadvantage should be considered that the mechanism of the integrated product quality management system is not focused on the consumer, is not aimed at the production of competitive products of a high quality level with stable performance. But practical experience has shown that it is precisely this kind of system that is the tool that can be used to create an effective mechanism for managing product quality with the widespread use of economic methods in management. 39. FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT (JAPAN) In Japan, work in the field of product quality has developed with a wider use of product quality control methods. A special place in the initial period began to be occupied by statistical methods of control. In the late 1950s in Japan, comprehensive in-house quality control has penetrated the industry throughout. It provided for control by all employees of the company, from workers, foremen and ending with management. From that moment, systematic training of all employees in quality control methods began to be carried out. In the future, the training system turned into a continuous and constant system of educating workers in a respectful attitude towards the consumer and the qualitative results of their work. When implementing all activities for training, education and implementation of product quality control systems, Japanese specialists have taken into account and take into account: - specifics of products, traditions of firms; - the level of education; - labor relations in the team. In the early 1960s, when laws were passed in Japan providing preferential terms for manufacturers of exported goods, the efforts of exporters were already aimed at achieving world-class quality. Summarizing Japan's experience in product quality management, its main features for the present period of time include the following. 1. Consistent and purposeful solution of quality problems based on all the advanced, modern that the theory has accumulated and creates practice in this area. 2. Cultivating a respectful attitude to the wishes of consumers, customers. 3. Continuous systematic training of personnel in issues of security and PCD, which gives a high level of training in this area to all employees of the company. 4. The use of an advanced inspection system for all activities to ensure and manage product quality. 5. Development and implementation of deeply developed integrated quality control programs and optimal plans for their implementation. 6. The presence of an exceptionally developed system of propaganda for the creation of high-quality products and the promotion of conscientious work. 7. Strong influence on the part of the state on the fundamental directions of improving and ensuring product quality. 8. The presence in the production of high-quality means of labor. 9. The use of advanced quality control methods, including statistical methods, in providing PCD, with priority control over the quality of production processes. 10. Effective functioning of a wide network of quality circles at all stages of the product life cycle. There are currently one million quality circles in Japan with about 10 million participants. 11. Participation of all departments and employees of the company in ensuring and managing product quality. Extensive research has established that only 15-20% of quality-related problems arise due to the fault of direct performers and workers, and 80-85% are a consequence of the imperfection of the company's management system, the responsibility for which is borne by its management. 40. COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM OF PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN US COMPANIES A comprehensive product quality management system in US firms is an effectively structured and well-established program aimed at introducing a set of measures according to the "man - machine - information" scheme, providing: - product quality that actually meets the requirements of the consumer; - reduction of quality costs carried out by the company. Modern American systems of PCD ensure not only the interaction of all services, but also the full satisfaction of consumer requests for quality, as well as reducing the cost of achieving it and economically spending all types of resources. The PCP system includes the following subsystems: 1) evaluation of pilot production; 2) planning the quality of products and the production process; 3) control, evaluation and planning of the quality of the supplied material; 4) receiving feedback on product quality; 5) assessment of the quality of products and the production process and their control; 6) training in quality assurance methods, orientation and staff development; 7) conducting special studies in the field of product quality; 8) warranty and post-warranty service; 9) determination of equipment that allows obtaining information about the quality of products; 10) management of work in the field of product quality. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), taking as a basis the existing standards and guidelines for quality assurance systems and supplementing them with consumer requirements, has developed and approved by the ISO Council a series of international standards for QCD that establish requirements for product quality assurance systems. These standards summarize and concentrate all the experience of leading countries in the field of product quality management, accumulated in recent decades. In accordance with the guidelines of the standards, the quality system must operate in parallel with all other activities that affect product quality. The impact of the system extends to all stages of the PCD, implemented in a closed quality loop, basically corresponding to the quality spiral: 1) marketing, search and market research; 2) design and (or) development of technical requirements, product development; 3) material and technical supply; 4) preparation and development of production processes; 5) production of products; 6) control, testing and examinations; 7) packaging and storage; 8) sales and distribution of products; 9) installation and operation; 10) technical assistance in maintenance; 11) disposal after product use. Among all stages of product quality management, marketing is of the greatest importance, especially for the development of international trade (identifying the needs of market demand at a certain time for products and their cost, consumer requirements, informing management about this, as well as product design and development issues). The use of international ISO standards for product quality management in enterprises is a generally recognized guarantee of entering the international market. 41. PRINCIPAL PROVISIONS IN THE PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The manufacturer must have and implement a rational system for collecting, recording, analyzing and storing information about product quality for a certain period of time. To ensure the required quality of each type of product, the enterprise must have a separate product quality management system, which is aimed at continuous training in the field of product quality management and the education of all workers in the spirit of respect for consumers and customers. The product quality management system should be clear to everyone. For education at the national and regional level, it is advisable to connect the media, including radio, television, and the press. The publication of mass magazines on the quality of products for various categories of students should be organized. It is necessary to create specialized centers for training and advanced training in the field of management and improving product quality, various schools and quality courses, which can also be taught by specialists from other countries. After all, it is well known that only highly qualified specialists can create products with high quality. In order to increase the role of incentives in the sphere of production, manufacturing products of high and stable quality, it is necessary to increase the importance of incentive measures for high quality products and labor, while not excluding harsh punitive measures for the production of products that deviate from the requirements of regulatory and technological documentation. In order to attract a much wider range of workers to the quality groups and increase their activity and work efficiency, it is necessary to include the work of quality groups in the number of quality assurance activities to be stimulated. The expansion and implementation of a whole range of measures that ensure the implementation of the human factor in industrial and social relations, includes the use of professionals in the field of product quality management in all work to improve the product quality management system. The product quality management system can be considered effective when the manufactured products meet the requirements of the consumer and the presence of an effective product quality management system is recognized by the consumer. Priorities in the product quality management system should be arranged in such a way that product quality for the benefit of the consumer is in the first place. In every enterprise, all workers and employees must strive to make products "better and bigger." The management of the enterprise should intelligibly, on the basis of an economic justification, bring to the production departments that the task of ensuring quality is in the first place, and production volumes are only in the second place, and insist on the implementation of this approach. This approach should not be limited to call and command. The improvement of logistics should be carried out by the ability to find the right suppliers, increasing the interest of each supplier and establishing close contacts with them of a multifaceted nature. 42. QUALITY MANAGEMENT TOOLS One of the basic principles of quality management is to make decisions based on facts. This is most fully solved by the method of modeling processes, both production and management, with the tools of mathematical statistics. The Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers has brought together several fairly illustrative methods for analyzing processes. Control sheets. Control sheets can be used both for quality control and for quantitative control. Histograms - one of the options for a bar chart that displays the dependence of the frequency of hitting the quality parameters of a product or process in a certain range of values from these values. The histogram is built as follows: - determine the highest value of the quality index; - determine the lowest value of the quality index; - define the range of the histogram as the difference between the largest and smallest value; - determine the number of intervals of the histogram. You can often use the approximate formula: (number of intervals) = C (number of values of quality indicators). For example, if the number of indicators = 50, the number of histogram bins = 7; - determine the length of the histogram interval = (histogram range) / (number of intervals); split the histogram range into intervals; - count the number of hits of the results in each interval; - determine the frequency of hits in the interval = (number of hits) / (total number of quality indicators); - Build a bar chart. Scatter charts. Scatterplots are graphs that show the correlation between two different factors. Pareto analysis. The Italian economist Pareto showed that most of the capital (80%) is in the hands of a small number of people (20%). Pareto developed logarithmic mathematical models to describe this non-uniform distribution. The Pareto Rule is a "universal" principle that is applicable in a variety of situations in solving quality problems. Pareto analysis ranks individual areas in terms of significance or importance and calls for identifying and first of all eliminating those causes that cause the most problems (inconsistencies). Stratification is the process of sorting data according to some criteria or variables, the results of which are often shown in charts and graphs. Cause and effect diagram. The Type 5M diagram considers quality components such as: - "human". With regard to the problem of qualimetric analysis for the "human" component, it is necessary to determine the factors associated with the convenience and safety of performing operations; - "car". For the component "machine" - the relationship between the structural elements of the analyzed product among themselves, associated with the implementation of this operation; - "material". For the component "material" - factors associated with the absence of changes in the properties of the materials of the product in the process of performing this operation; - "method". For the "method" component, factors related to the performance and accuracy of the operation being performed; - "control". For the "control" component, these are factors associated with reliable recognition of an error in the process of performing an operation. 43. LIST OF QUALITY COSTS Costs for preventive measures: 1) quality management: the cost of planning a quality system; the cost of transforming consumer expectations for quality into the technical characteristics of the material, process, product; 2) process control: the cost of establishing process controls; the cost of learning the possibilities of the process; 3) control and measuring equipment: the costs associated with the development and improvement of all control and measuring equipment; the costs associated with the maintenance and calibration of all equipment; 4) ensuring the quality of supplies: the cost of assessing potential suppliers and materials before concluding supply contracts; costs of technical support for suppliers to help them achieve the expected quality; 5) audit of the quality system: the cost of internal quality audit; the cost of auditing the quality system by the consumer, his agent, etc. Control costs: 1) inspections and tests: payment for the work of inspectors and test personnel during scheduled inspections of production operations; re-checks of rejected elements, their testing, sorting, etc. are not included; 2) inspections and tests of supplied materials: the cost of laboratory tests performed to assess the quality of supplied materials; costs associated with the work of inspectors and test personnel who evaluate materials at the supplier's production; 3) materials for testing and verification: the cost of consumables used in monitoring and testing; the cost of testing equipment is not included; 4) process control: remuneration of personnel who are not subordinate to the quality manager who performs control and testing on production lines; 5) acceptance of customer products: the cost of launching and testing finished products in production for delivery to the customer before delivery; 6) checking raw materials and spare parts; 7) product audit. Internal cost per defect: 1) waste: the cost of materials that do not meet quality requirements, and the costs of their disposal and removal; salvage value of production waste is not included; 2) rework and repair: costs incurred in restoring products to meet quality requirements through either rework or repair, or both; retesting and inspection costs after rework or repair; 3) loss analysis: the cost of determining the causes of nonconformities that have arisen with quality requirements; 4) mutual concessions: the cost of admission to the use of those materials that do not meet the technical requirements; 5) grade reduction; 6) waste and alterations caused by suppliers: costs incurred when, after receipt from the supplier, it was found that the delivered materials were unsuitable. External costs per defect: 1) products not accepted by the consumer: the costs of identifying the reasons for the refusal of the customer to accept the products; the cost of reworking, repairing or replacing unaccepted products; 2) warranty obligations: the cost of replacing unsatisfactory products during the warranty period. 44. QUALITY AS A FACTOR OF IMPROVING COMPETITIVENESS Fierce competition forces enterprises to pay special attention to the quality of their goods. Successful product promotion is impossible without ensuring the stable quality of products. There are two ways to ensure the quality of the product: 1) verification, control of the goods themselves; 2) checking the ability of the manufacturer to produce products with stable characteristics that satisfy the consumer. At present, the most reliable and generally recognized instrument of integrated quality management, operating within the framework of the entire enterprise, is the quality system. The ISO 9000 series standards have been developed by the International Organization for Standardization. The need to have a certified quality system that meets ISO requirements is increasingly faced by domestic enterprises negotiating contracts with foreign firms. The absence of a certificate leads either to a significant reduction in the price of products, or to the rejection of the contract altogether. In addition, the lack of a certificate for the compliance of the enterprise's quality system with the requirements of ISO 9000 excludes the participation of the enterprise in tenders to obtain profitable orders from foreign partners. The presence of a certified quality system in an enterprise gives it a number of advantages, including: - expansion of the sales market; - compliance with national and international legislation; - Creation of reputation of highly reliable firm; - international recognition, more effective search for equal partnership. The quality system is the basis of management, it guarantees the planning and control of organizational, commercial and technical activities. The quality system includes 20 basic elements. When developing it, an enterprise can omit elements that are not essential for itself, as well as introduce new ones. The main document of the quality system is the quality policy, which declares the goals, main tasks and ways to solve them. It takes into account the interests of 4 groups of partners: 1) consumers - as products; 2) employees - in job satisfaction; 3) suppliers - in guaranteed orders; 4) society - in ensuring the environmental safety of the production process, reliable product quality, compliance with legal requirements. The quality policy is implemented by management at all levels of production using the principles of distribution and coordination of goals vertically and horizontally. The quality system is regulated by a number of documents - enterprise standards for preparation of production and production, methods and instructions for quality, as well as technological documentation. The effectiveness of the quality system is regularly assessed based on the results of internal quality audits. The existence of a quality system has a positive effect on the discipline of production, the system of training qualified personnel, and labor productivity. From an economic point of view, obtaining an ISO 9000 series certificate allows you to significantly reduce the costs associated with quality control and maintenance through the introduction of advanced technologies. 45. CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITY COSTS The classification of quality costs is one of the main tasks, the correct solution of which determines the definition of their composition and requirements for organization, accounting, analysis and evaluation. Classification cost group: 1) for the intended purpose: to improve quality; for quality assurance; for quality management; 2) by type of costs: productive; unproductive; 3) according to the method of determination: direct; indirect. Direct costs can be directly calculated and taken into account for a particular type of product or activity. Indirect costs - according to one or another accepted attribute. When organizing cost accounting, it is necessary to strive to ensure that most costs can be determined by direct account; 4) if possible, accounting: amenable to direct accounting; not amenable to direct accounting; which are not economically feasible to take into account; 5) by stages of the product life cycle: for quality in product development; on the quality in the manufacture of products; on quality when using products; 6) in relation to the production process: on the quality in the main production; on quality in auxiliary production; on quality in production service; 7) by type of accounting: operational; analytical; accounting; target; 8) by the economic nature of the costs: current; one-time; 9) if possible, assessments: planned; actual; 10) by the nature of structuring: by enterprise; for production; by types of products; 11) by objects of formation and accounting: products; processes; services; 12) by economic nature, costs can be classified as current and non-recurring. Current costs include all quality costs that are reproducible in the manufacture of products (for example, the cost of control, maintenance and repair of equipment, etc.). Non-recurring costs include the costs of product development and manufacturing technology. Like depreciation, these costs must transfer their value to the finished product in installments. The costs of acquiring patents and registration of trademarks, which are included in intangible assets, as well as the costs of conducting marketing research, are also one-time costs. Classification by type of costs into productive and unproductive allows you to identify their effectiveness. Production can be attributed to all the costs by which the provision and improvement of quality management in the enterprise is achieved. Unproductive are costs that are unnecessary or redundant; they are identified in the analysis and evaluation of costs. Such costs should not be equated with losses from an inadequate level of product quality or poor workmanship. For example, with a high level of organization of production and effective self-control, the costs of monitoring technological discipline may turn out to be unnecessary. At the same time, the cost of correcting non-conforming or defective products is a loss. 46. STRUCTURING THE QUALITY FUNCTION Each product should reflect the main functional and stimulating characteristics of quality. In this case, we are talking about the quality, which is determined by the consumer. Manufacturers need to assume that the buyer is unlikely to talk about many indicators of quality. He is interested in no more than two or three. Therefore, there is a problem of engineering embodiment of quality in the product. To solve this problem, the method of structuring the quality function (QFK) is used. SFC was developed in Japan in the late 1960s. and is currently used by businesses. One of the first to use it was MITSUBISHI at a construction shipyard in Kobe. Subsequently, this method became widespread in the Henry Ford Corporation. The Ford Corporation defines quality function structuring as follows: "A planning tool for translating the quality characteristics that the customer requires (i.e., his wants, needs, needs, expectations) into suitable product features." The quality function structuring model was developed by Dr. F. Yaukuhara. The SFC process consists of four main phases: 1) product development planning; 2) structuring the project; 3) planning of the technological process; 4) planning of the production process. Phase 1: Product development planning. Buyer requirements are established, understood and translated into engineering design language in terms called proxy quality measures. The most important ones are used for the next phase. Phase 2. Structuring the project. Various concepts for developing a product that would satisfy the structuring requirements are considered, and the best ones are selected. The project is then detailed, with particular attention to the essential characteristics of the product, which are calculated from the customer requirements structured in phase 1. The product development details are then structured in phase 3. Phase 3. Planning of the technological process. The technological process of product development is considered. After selecting the most suitable process concepts capable of producing products given those characteristics that are already structured, the process is detailed in terms of essential steps and parameters. These characteristics are then structured in the next phase. Phase 4. Planning the production process. In this final phase, process control methods are considered. These methods must ensure that the products are produced in accordance with their essential characteristics identified in phase 2 and therefore satisfy the basic requirements of the buyer. Therefore, during the entire four-phase process of structuring the quality function for product design, process development and engineering, a product is created that meets the basic requirements of the buyer (client). Structuring the quality function requires theoretical knowledge and experience from various fields and can be carried out by a team of specialists of different specialties and professions. 47. IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. EXAMPLES OF A SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO QUALITY MANAGEMENT Improvement of product quality management systems should be carried out in the following cases: - when certifying products, when one of the conditions for obtaining a certificate of conformity is strict compliance with the requirements of international standards ISO 9000 in the construction of product quality management; - upon receipt of a quality certificate, when it can only be obtained by certified products, i.e., having a certificate of conformity; - upon receipt of a state order for the manufacture of certain types and volumes of products, when, under the conditions of a competitive system for obtaining them, it is necessary to conduct an examination of the current product quality management system; - when the enterprise enters the foreign market. One of the global trends in product quality assurance is a systematic approach to product quality management. Having originated in our country in the 1940s, the systematic approach has now developed into a comprehensive product quality management system. Representatives of a systematic approach to product quality management were: - Saratov system "Defect-free manufacturing of products and delivery to the technical control department and the customer from the first presentation"; - Gorky system "Quality - Reliability - Resource from the first products"; - Yaroslavl system "Scientific organization of work to increase motor resources"; - Lviv system "Integrated Product Quality Management System". The integrated product quality management system, which incorporated the best achievements of previous systems, began to solve the problem of product quality assurance in a comprehensive manner. Comprehensively - this means that not only the technical control department was engaged in ensuring the quality of products. The system approach has also been developed abroad. In countries with market economies, there has always been a problem of producing competitive products. In terms of their impact on product quality assurance, foreign enterprise quality management systems (QMS) surpassed the integrated QMS system, which was in greenhouse conditions, the presence of guaranteed buyers and compensation for losses from the state. Japan, the USA, stimulating the development of competition among manufacturers, provided them with the broadest opportunities for attracting specialists who received appropriate education in relevant educational institutions to work in firms. As further ways of developing and improving the integrated system of the UKP, it is proposed to carry out its computerization. On this basis, it is necessary to ensure constant monitoring of the product quality management process in order to prevent the possibility of adverse changes. This concept provides for continuous quality improvement. At the same time, the concept of quality is understood more broadly. It also includes the costs of creating and manufacturing a product, i.e., its cost. Thus, the target setting of the company-wide quality assurance system is to ensure constant dynamics of improving the quality of products and reducing their cost. 48. CATEGORIES OF PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT With regard to product quality management, the following categories should be distinguished. 1. The object of control is product quality. Sometimes the object is competitiveness, technical level, or some other indicator. As a control object, either the entire set of product properties, or some part of them, a separate property, can act. 2. The subject of management is the governing bodies of all levels and persons designed to ensure the achievement and maintenance of the planned state and level of product quality. 3. The purpose of management is the level and state of product quality, taking into account the economic interests of the manufacturer and consumer, as well as the requirements for safety and environmental friendliness of products. 4. Methods and means of control - the ways in which the controls act on the elements of the production process, ensuring the achievement and maintenance of the planned state and level of product quality. Quality management uses the following four types of methods: - economic methods. Ensure the creation of economic conditions that encourage teams of enterprises, technological and other organizations to study the needs of consumers, create, manufacture and service products that satisfy these needs; - methods of material incentives, providing, on the one hand, encouraging employees for the creation and manufacture of high-quality products, and on the other hand, collecting for damage caused by its poor quality; - educational methods that influence the consciousness and mood of the participants in the production process, encouraging them to high-quality work and the precise performance of special functions of product quality management. These include: moral encouragement for high quality products, education of pride in the honor of the factory brand, etc.; - organizational and administrative methods, carried out through mandatory directives, orders, instructions from managers. Among the organizational and administrative methods of product quality management are also the requirements of regulatory documentation. The choice of product quality management methods and the search for the most effective combination of them is one of the most creative moments in the creation of a management system, since they have a direct impact on the people involved in the process of creating and manufacturing products, i. e. to mobilize the human factor. 5. Management tools include office equipment, communication tools - everything that is used by bodies and persons who manage the performance of special functions in quality management systems. The product quality management tools also include: - public service of standard reference data on the properties of substances and materials; - a bank of normative documentation that regulates product quality indicators and organizes the implementation of special quality management functions; - State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements; - metrological means, including (depending on the level of the system) state standards of physical quantities, exemplary and (or) working measuring instruments. 49. THE HUMAN FACTOR IN PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT The senior management of Japanese firms leads and promotes the development of quality management activities. It is responsible for developing a quality strategy and controls the timing of the implementation of programs and plans, determines the need for corrective measures. Firms spend a lot of money on training and advanced training of personnel. In Japan, quality management disciplines are taught in 23 universities of the country; there are postgraduate courses for the training of highly qualified specialists in this field. More than 60% of workers in firms producing CNC machines have higher technical and university education. In Japan, symposia are held annually on quality assurance issues, including training. For management personnel, it is planned to study the methods of organizing and conducting business meetings, self-control, tactics of conquering the market. Managers improve their knowledge on issues such as methods of persuading partners, technical support for business meetings, and the allocation of time within the framework of daily plans. They study the procedures for concluding contracts, the customs and rules of trade, office work, methods for identifying errors in the work of personnel. Equally important is the ability to work with computers and technical means. Japanese firms also practice staff training using the discussion group method, which analyzes any specific cases, such as a complaint from a consumer. The discussion group, formed, as a rule, from employees of one department, studies the complaint, conducts a comprehensive assessment of the product for which it was received, and develops measures to eliminate the causes of the buyer's dissatisfaction. A report prepared by one group is discussed in other breakout groups; after such a comprehensive analysis, a specific solution is developed, which can provide both ways to improve the quality of the product, and evidence of the need to remove it from production. Each Japanese company creates its own training program, but all programs are characterized by a combination of theoretical and practical training ("training on the job"). So, at the Nissan company, off-the-job training takes about 500 days during the first 10 years of work. Further training is carried out at the workplace, in the evenings or weekends. Upon graduation, certification is carried out, which is carried out by the heads of departments (other specialists may be involved). Some employees of the company take a kind of state exam - they are subject to certification, which is carried out by the Ministry of Labor. Such certification provides an increase in salary, and in case of failure in this exam three times, the employee is awarded a "red card" - evidence of his professional unsuitability. Development requires much more costs and more time. But it is necessary, since the efficient use of capital and means of production is possible only if there are highly qualified employees. And only by the abilities of employees the firm can ensure long-term success in the competitive struggle. 50. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT Quality is a set of properties and characteristics of a product or service that give it the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. Products (services) - the result of activities (tangible products, intangible products). Quality management consists of separate elements. The composition of the quality management subsystems corresponds to the stages of the quality spiral, regulated by a set of standards (ISO 9000) (multiple standards organization). Quality loop - a schematic model of interrelated activities that affect the quality of a product or service at various stages from the definition of needs to the assessment of their implementation. Stages of the quality loop: 1) sales and distribution of products; 2) technical assistance in maintenance; 3) disposal after use; 4) operation and installation; 5) marketing, search and market research; 6) design and development of technical requirements; 7) MTS (material and technical supply); 8) preparation and development of the production process; 9) production; 10) control of testing and examination; 11) packing and storage. The quality management system is part of the overall management system of an enterprise (one of its subsystems), is a stable set of governing bodies and management objects, methods and means of influencing conditions and factors that ensure the creation of products or the provision of services that meet certain quality requirements. The development of quality assurance systems is related to: 1) with the system covering the stages of the product life cycle; the main stages of the product life cycle: development - development - production - operation; 2) improvement of control methods, including the widespread introduction of statistical methods; 3) advanced training of employees, the introduction of employee incentive systems for improving quality indicators; 4) optimization of quality assessment criteria. Stages of development of quality systems in the Russian Federation: Defect-free manufacturing of products (BIP) 1955, Saratov; System of defect-free labor (SBT) 1957, Lviv; (KANARSPI) quality, reliability, resource from the first products 1958, Gorky; (NORM) scientific organization of work to increase the motor resource of engines in 1964, Yaroslavl; (KEUKP) integrated product quality management system 1975, Lvov; International standard ISO 9000 in the world - 1997, in the Russian Federation - 1988. The Saratov system (BIP) covers only the stages of production, was based on the introduction of a quantitative assessment of labor. SBT (System of defect-free labor) is based on the same principles as the Saratov system, but unlike it, it uses an assessment of the quality of work for research units. The CANARSPI system covered the stages of both development and operation, close to the consumer. The NORM system is the same as CANARSPI, but designed for a narrow consumer. The KSUKP system for the first time covered all stages of a product's life, from research and development, based on the principles of a systematic approach and comprehensive standardization. ISO 9000, unlike KSUKP, has a clearly defined marketing focus and market orientation. 51. INDICATORS OF QUALITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF PRODUCTS Competitiveness is characterized by the ability (possibility) of selling goods on the market. It can be determined only by comparing the products of competitors with each other (i.e., the concept is clearly tied to the market). Competitiveness is determined by a set of indicators, which includes: 1) quality indicators (technical indicators); 2) organizational indicators (factors). They include a system of discounts for the sale (wholesale, single sale), delivery terms, warranty period, organizational assistance in operation; 3) economic indicators (indicators that form the price of consumption). The consumption price is the sum of the purchase costs, i.e. the price of the goods and the costs associated with consumption (operation). Product quality - a set of properties and characteristics of a product or service that determine its suitability to satisfy certain intended needs. Thus, any product has well-defined properties that manifest themselves in the process of its creation and operation (consumption). Classification of product properties according to the nature of the needs satisfied: 1) purpose indicators characterize the main functions for which the products are intended, and determine the scope of their application. The indicators of this group are specific for each type of product; 2) reliability indicators characterize the ability of the product to perform the required functions under specified conditions for a specified period of time. They are characterized, in turn, by the following indicators: reliability, durability, maintainability, storability; 3) environmental indicators reflect the level of harmful effects on the environment arising from the operation or consumption of products. The indicators have a quantitative value, which is fixed in the technical specifications (TS). TU - a regulatory technical document that establishes requirements for specific products. When developing products and creating a complex of technical documentation, specifications are an integral part of this complex; 4) transportability indicators characterize the product in terms of transportation; 5) indicators of ergonomics characterize the system "man - product" and take into account a complex of hygienic, anthropometric (a system for measuring the human body), physiological and psychological properties of a person, manifested in production and household processes; 6) indicators of manufacturability - the ability to manufacture, ease of use. Characterized by labor intensity, material consumption; 7) indicators of standardization and unification reflect the saturation of the product with standard, unified and original components, as well as the level of unification with other products; 8) aesthetic indicators. Reflect the rationality of the form, the integrity of the composition, the perfection of the production performance of the product; 9) safety indicators characterize the technical safety of the product. A patent for legal indicators characterizes the patent and legal purity of products. 52. METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE VALUES OF PRODUCT QUALITY INDICATORS Methods for determining the values of product quality indicators are divided according to the methods and sources of obtaining information. Depending on the method of obtaining information, there are measuring, registration, organoleptic and calculation methods. The registration method is based on the use of information obtained by counting the number of certain events, items or costs, for example, product failures during testing, the number of parts of a complex product. This method determines the indicators of unification, patent and legal indicators, etc. The organoleptic method is based on the use of information obtained as a result of the analysis of the perception of the sense organs: sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste. At the same time, the human senses serve as receivers for receiving the corresponding sensations, and the values of the indicators are found by analyzing the sensations received on the basis of experience and are expressed in points. The measuring method is based on information obtained using technical measuring instruments. The results of direct measurements, if necessary, are given by appropriate conversions to normal or standard conditions, for example, to normal temperature, to normal atmospheric pressure, etc. Using the measuring method, the following values are determined: product mass, current strength, engine speed, vehicle speed, etc. . The calculation method is based on the use of information obtained with the help of theoretical or empirical dependencies. This method is used in the design of products, when the latter cannot yet be the object of experimental research. The calculation method is used to determine the values of the mass of the product, performance indicators, power, strength, etc. Depending on the source of information, methods for determining the values of product quality indicators are divided into: 1) to traditional. Determining the values of product quality indicators by the traditional method is carried out by officials of specialized experimental and calculation departments of enterprises, institutions or organizations; 2) expert. Experimental departments include laboratories, testing grounds, testing stations, stands, etc. The determination of the values of product quality indicators by the expert method is carried out by a group of expert experts, for example, merchandisers, designers, tasters, etc. Using the expert method, the values of such quality indicators are determined , which cannot be determined by more objective methods. This method is used in determining the values of some ergonomic and aesthetic indicators; 3) sociological. The determination of the values of product quality indicators by the sociological method is carried out by actual or potential consumers of products. Consumer opinions are collected through oral surveys or through the distribution of special questionnaires, as well as by organizing conferences, exhibitions, etc. If necessary, several methods are used together to determine the values of product quality indicators. 53. QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS F. Crosby formulates four rules that, in his opinion, contribute to solving the problem of quality. 1. It is necessary to develop a clear and precise policy in the field of quality and bring its goals to the consciousness of every employee of the company. 2. All employees must learn to work without defects. 3. The requirements included in the quality program are subject to strict implementation, they can only be changed in the direction of tightening. 4. Compromises are excluded, fluctuations, deviations, etc. are not allowed. When solving the problem of quality management at the national level, the following areas are promising: 1) development of foreign experience. Interaction with foreign firms specializing in the field of quality; 2) creation of a mechanism and tools for implementing the program of total quality management in Russia. Development and addition of the functions of regional centers, network engineering (on the problem of quality); 3) work on the application of ISO 9000; 4) work on the implementation of the All-Russian Quality Award; 5) training of personnel in the field of quality management (together with the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation); 6) development of methodological foundations in the field of quality; 7) development of information support on quality issues. In the conditions of the Russian economy, the development of quality is increasingly beginning to be determined by competition. Current trends include the creation of quality systems in all areas of the enterprise, including interaction with suppliers and consumers. One of the components of the quality system is product quality, which determines the development of technological processes and requirements for technological equipment. Therefore, the creation of quality systems at enterprises as a tool to increase competitiveness should be aimed at strengthening the position of domestic enterprises in the domestic market, raising the basic level of Russian goods and services with the prospect of entering the world market as worthy competitors to world-famous industry giants. Quality management systems at the enterprise should contain a list of guiding documents, activities and the procedure for their implementation, which are as follows: 1) management tasks (quality policy, organization of work on its implementation); 2) documentation and planning system; 3) quality during the development of plans and programs (competence of developers, the level of documents being prepared, verification of implementation, timely assessment of results, making necessary changes); 4) quality during procurement (legal level of documentation and control over the procurement process); 5) quality at the production stage (planning, instructions, qualification, control); 6) quality control (incoming checks, inter-operational control, final control, test documentation); 7) control over test facilities; 8) a thorough examination of defective products, a detailed clarification of the causes of defects, the implementation of corrective measures; 9) quality during storage, movement, packaging, shipping; 10) documentation of quality, registration of necessary papers; 11) quality analysis and appropriate action; 12) personnel training. 54. PRICE OF QUALITY The economic factor for ensuring product quality is the price of quality, which is determined by the sum of the costs spent on control and the costs incurred by the enterprise due to product failures. The cost of quality is a significant part of the company's turnover. According to a survey of senior executives in France, 47% consider the price of quality equal to 5-19% of turnover; according to 26% of respondents, the price of quality is less than 5% of turnover; 10% of entrepreneurs determine the price of quality at 20-30% of turnover. The price of quality is made up of two groups of costs: the costs of ensuring product quality and the costs associated with unsatisfactory product quality. In this regard, in the process of quality assurance in the production management system, the question arises: how do the costs for each group change due to a change in quality? To ensure quality with optimal costs in the production management system, it is advisable to use the technique when all the costs of quality assurance are divided by the price of product compliance with customer requirements and the price of non-compliance. The price of non-compliance consists of the costs of alterations, the costs of repairs during the warranty period, the costs associated with the final marriage. This should also include the costs associated with late payments on invoices, the costs of making changes to technology, fees for delaying deliveries, etc. The price of non-compliance, according to a number of foreign firms, can reach up to 75% of the price of quality. The cost of compliance includes the costs of detecting or preventing defects, testing and testing, education and training, reporting, etc. It represents approximately 25% of total quality assurance costs, or 5-6% of a firm's turnover. According to the conclusions of leading European experts, the costs associated with the fact that the work was not done correctly the first time, on average for their machine-building enterprises, is at least 20% of the amount of sales. For our enterprises, this indicator, called the price of discrepancy, is much higher. The real price of non-compliance includes not only the cost of damaged raw materials and the cost of re-manufacturing, but also the cost of electricity, depreciation of equipment, the cost of sending specialists for warranty repairs, and much more. These costs are associated not only with the low-quality work of specific performers, but also with shortcomings in the organization of the entire production, the state of equipment, the quality of tools, technical documentation, etc. These losses can only be identified by the entire workforce if it is encouraged through interest in co-creation everyone. This principle has long been called "participatory" production management. Indicators and the price of quality make it possible to determine the quality of products. But, in addition to all these indicators, the price of the product is also important. It is with the price that the question of economically optimal quality, or economically rational quality, is connected. When purchasing a product, the buyer always considers whether the price of the product corresponds to the set of properties that it possesses. 55. OUTPUT ANALYSIS The main task of industrial enterprises is to provide the population with high-quality products to the fullest extent possible. The growth rate of production volume, improving its quality directly affect the amount of costs, profit and profitability of the enterprise. Therefore, the analysis of the work of industrial enterprises begins with the study of output indicators. Its main tasks: - assessment of the degree of implementation of the plan and the dynamics of production and sales of products; - determination of the influence of factors on the change in the value of these indicators; - identification of on-farm reserves for increasing output and sales of products; - development of measures for the development of the identified reserves. The volume of industrial production can be expressed in natural, conditionally natural and cost meters. Generalizing indicators of the volume of production are obtained using a valuation - in wholesale prices. The main indicators of the volume of production are commodity and gross output. Gross output is the value of all manufactured products and work performed, including work in progress. It is usually expressed in comparable prices. Commercial output does not include the remains of work in progress and on-farm turnover. It is expressed in wholesale prices in force in the reporting year. The volume of sales of products is determined in current prices (wholesale, contractual). It also includes the cost of goods sold, shipped and paid for by customers. Natural indicators of production volumes (pieces, meters, tons, etc.) are also important for assessing the fulfillment of the production program. They are used in the analysis of production volumes for certain types of homogeneous products. Conditionally natural indicators, as well as cost indicators, are used to generalize the characteristics of production volumes; for example, at canning factories, such an indicator as thousands of conditional cans is used, at repair enterprises - the number of conditional repairs. To ensure a more complete satisfaction of the needs of the population, it is necessary that the enterprise fulfill the plan not only in terms of the total volume of products, but also in terms of assortment (nomenclature). The fulfillment of contracts for the supply of goods for state needs is of particular importance for the enterprise. This guarantees the company the sale of products, timely payment, loans, etc. Nomenclature - a list of product names and their codes established for the relevant types of products in the All-Union Classifier of Industrial Products, operating in the CIS. Assortment - a list of product names with an indication of the volume of its output for each type. It can be full, group and intragroup. The analysis of the product range consists mainly in establishing the parameters - prevalence, uniformity, degree of obsolescence. The study of the range of products is carried out in order to clarify the average number of types of products; expanding the range is a means for the company to attract customers with different tastes and needs. 56. PRODUCT ANALYSIS Product analysis is a fundamental element in understanding the position of the enterprise. Its purpose is to study the types of products, their quality, the characteristics of the services accompanying them and the degree of difference from similar products (and services) of competitors, the novelty of products, and prices. Analysis of product types. Distinguish the production of consumer goods from the production of products for industry. Among consumer goods, first of all, products of everyday demand, "considered" purchases and specific ones are singled out. Industrial are classified according to the source materials and their constituent elements. Study of product characteristics. Basically, manufacturers define standard products that can be completed at the customer's choice with one or another number of elements. Explore services related to products. Increasingly, it can be noted that competition is carried out at the level of services accompanying the products sold. These services may offer delivery and installation of materials, selection of a working group by order, etc.; repair and maintenance; Maintenance; access to laboratories, user clubs, staff training; guarantees; information (catalogues or information connection); convenience of payment terms; convenience of storage conditions. All these services can help in understanding the concept of "total quality" and identify a strategy for differentiation. The study of the novelty of the product. Since the renewal of products is carried out faster and faster, this explains, according to some researchers, the impossibility of using such a concept as the product life curve. However, it is very useful to clarify the concept of "product novelty". The study of commodity prices. Even if prices seem to be the least significant element in the differentiation of a product from those of its competitors, they nevertheless remain the main element, since no differentiation can compare with even a slight decrease in the price level. Analysis of the prices of goods in a non-monopolized market, obviously, can only be carried out in comparison with the prices of competitors, that is, goods with the same or similar quality characteristics. This comparison will be all the more difficult to make because of the "delabeling" (reducing the price when the label is removed) policy that some manufacturers may pursue. If the products of competitors are not identical, then it is necessary to compare the prices of goods, taking into account the utility that these goods represent for "final" consumers. For example, if you analyze corrugated packaging board, then you need to take into account a set of requirements, such as strength, tearability, moisture resistance, paper color, readiness and suitability for printing, and characteristics for machine processing. The impression that prices make on buyers also needs to be taken into account (psychological prices). All of these positions are sometimes difficult to take into account, so we refer readers to specialized literature. All of the above components of product analysis can serve to correlate with competing products and help determine the strategy of the enterprise. 57. PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL Product quality is a set of properties that determine its suitability to satisfy needs in accordance with its purpose. For example, for machine-building production, the quality of its products is characterized by those properties that determine its operational suitability and are manifested in the process of use. Quality indicators such as performance, trouble-free operation or non-failure operation, service life, appearance, are common to all machines and mechanisms. The quality of the product is evaluated relatively, i.e., by comparing it with another product that has optimal quality indicators, which are recorded in GOSTs. There are the following indicators of product quality: - destination (speed, power); - technological; - transportable; - standardization and unification; - patent and legal; - environmental and safety; - reliability; - ergonomic; - aesthetic. Types of control: 1) depending on the venue: stationary, flying; 2) visual, geometric, laboratory (tests); 3) depending on the quantitative coverage: continuous, selective; 4) depending on the moment of holding: output, input, intermediate. Technical control (TC) is a verification of the conformity of a product or process, on which product quality depends, to established technical requirements. In mechanical engineering, it is a set of control operations at all stages of production. The main task of technological control is the timely receipt of complete and reliable information about the quality of products and the state of the technological process in order to prevent malfunctions and deviations that may lead to violations of the requirements of GOSTs. Technical control is designed to ensure the stability of the production process, that is, the stable repeatability of each operation in the prescribed technological modes, norms and conditions. Objects of the TC: incoming materials, finished products, means of production, technological processes and modes, the general culture of production. Functions of the TC: control over the quality and completeness of manufactured products, accounting and analysis of returns of finished products, defects, defects, complaints, prevention of defects and defects in production. Performers of control operations: representatives of the chief metallurgist, technologist, power engineer, mechanic, as well as quality control department and production material. QCD functions: ensures the development and improvement of the technical control system; carries out final technical inspection and testing of finished products; draws up and presents it for delivery to the customer; performs inspection supervision and spot checks of finished products and production process; exercises control over the preservation of the unity of measures and the state of measuring instruments; organizes operational and technical accounting and analyzes marriage, defects and returns of finished products. QCD is independent of the company's services in terms of determining the quality of finished products and is subordinate to the director of the company. He independently conducts the final acceptance of finished products, acceptance tests, controls the finished products of the workshops. 58. ACCEPTANCE OF GOODS FOR QUALITY Acceptance of products for quality is carried out at the recipient's warehouse in accordance with GOSTs, technical specifications, and the contract within the following terms: 1) upon delivery within the same city, no later than 10 days after receipt of the products at the recipient's warehouse upon delivery of the products by the supplier or from the day the products were received at the warehouse of the manufacturer (supplier); 2) for out-of-town delivery no later than 20 days after the arrival of products at the station (pier) at the port of destination, and in the Far North, in separated areas, other areas of early delivery no later than 30 days from the date of receipt of the products at the consignee's warehouse. For deliveries within the same city, the call of the representative of the manufacturer (supplier) and his presence to participate in the preparation of the act are mandatory. For out-of-town deliveries, the call of the manufacturer's representative and his presence are mandatory, if this is stipulated in the special conditions of delivery or in the contract. The manufacturer may authorize another organization located at the place where the product was received to participate in the product quality check and draw up the act. When defects are found in the quality of products, in all cases, when it is possible due to the nature and property of the product, samples (sample) should be taken. When sampling, an act is drawn up, signed by all persons participating in the sampling. The act must indicate: - place and date of selection; - from which tare units the samples were taken, in what quantity (weight); - how many samples were taken, samples were sealed or sealed, whose seal and other data. If necessary, additional samples are taken for analysis. The call to the manufacturer must include: - name of the product, date and number of the invoice or other document number, if the invoice has not been received by the time of the call; - the main shortcomings found in the product; - the time for which the product quality control is scheduled. A representative within one city must appear no later than the next day, and a representative from another city within 3 days. If the representative did not appear, the product quality check is carried out with the participation of a representative of the local authority by the sectoral quality inspectorate. If the analysis of samples has already been performed, then the conclusion of the analysis is attached to the act. An act on hidden defects found in products with a warranty period of service must be drawn up within 5 days after the discovery of a shortage, but within the warranty period. An act on hidden defects, if the warranty period is not established, must be drawn up within 5 days after the discovery of defects, but no later than 4 months from the date of receipt of the products at the warehouse. Hidden shortcomings are recognized as such shortcomings that could not be detected during the usual inspection for this type of product, provided for by the instructions, unless otherwise provided by the main and special terms of delivery, other obligations, rules and contract. The act is approved by the head, signed by the persons participating in the acceptance, approved by the head no later than the next day. A claim for non-conformity of quality, arising from the delivery of products, is presented by the buyer to the manufacturer within the prescribed period. 59. STRUCTURE OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT Organizational forms of quality management are diverse, as companies differ significantly in size, volume and range of products, type of organizational structure, etc. However, the following general principles for constructing organizational structures for quality management can be formulated: ^ separation of planning and programming of all quality management activities from ongoing work on regulation and quality control; - centralization in resolving issues of general policy while decentralization in resolving operational issues related to quality assurance; - creation of organizational mechanisms that allow for the coordination of work to ensure quality; - implementation of preventive measures aimed at preventing the causes of defects and improving quality; - ensuring the possibility of integrated quality management in the development of specific programs, projects, individual products; - creation of organizational conditions that ensure the internal development of the organizational structure. The formation of structural subdivisions of quality management bodies can be carried out according to the following criteria: - according to the functions performed; - by types of products; - for large projects; - by stages of the production cycle of product creation; - technological processes and equipment. The first three types of criteria determine the construction of a general quality management structure, while the last two determine the formation of structural units involved in the regulation and quality control in the production process. Structuring by functions performed. Structural divisions are formed by grouping homogeneous types of activities within one structural unit. The number of such units is determined by the number of types of functions. In this case, the grouping is done in such a way as to avoid their duplication. Structuring by types of products. Such a "product" structure is based on the grouping of activities on the basis of similar products, in contrast to the grouping of homogeneous functions. Project structuring. When carrying out especially important projects, a structure of the so-called project management is created. All types of activities to ensure the quality of products manufactured under this project are carried out within the framework of existing or newly formed structural units, under the guidance of specially appointed persons. Structuring by types of production processes, equipment used. Organizational units are formed according to the principle of servicing a certain type of production equipment or technological process. According to this principle of structuring, separate divisions are distinguished, for example, welding, foundry, etc. Structuring by stages of the production cycle. This approach is often used in the structuring of bodies that carry out technical control and regulation of product quality in the process of its manufacture. According to this principle, bodies engaged in conducting input, current control, testing of finished products, control during packaging, storage, and operational maintenance of the consumer are distinguished. 60. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NEW PRODUCTS The production of higher quality products compared to the ones being replaced must be accompanied by an increase in production efficiency by reducing costs. Methods for calculating economic efficiency are classified in four areas. The first direction includes: - application of new chorological processes; - mechanization and automation of production, new ways of organizing production and labor; advanced technologies; - ensuring the improvement of product quality while saving production resources in the production of the same product. Calculations of reducing the cost of production should take into account only those costs that change in connection with the production and use of new technology. If new technology increases productivity while reducing overhead costs, the savings are reflected directly in the cost items. In the case when a new technology differs from the basic one only by changing one or more operations, the annual economic effect is calculated by comparing the changing cost elements of these operations. The second direction of ongoing organizational and technical measures includes the production and use of new means of labor for long-term use (machines, equipment) with improved quality characteristics of productivity, durability, and operating costs. The third direction includes the production and use of new or improved objects of labor, which include such material resources as raw materials, fuel, as well as means of labor with a service life of at least one year. The fourth direction of ongoing organizational activities includes the production and use of new equipment that has no analogues, as well as new products and products of higher quality (with a higher price), developed on the basis of research and development work to meet the needs of the population. The calculation of the annual economic effect is widely used in the practice of economic calculations. Its value shows the total annual cost savings for the compared options. Methods for calculating the magnitude of the annual economic effect differ depending on the indicators characterizing the object of new technology both in the sphere of production and in the sphere of use. Each of the four directions of introduction of innovative achievements in the field of scientific and technological progress into production has its own specifics, which is taken into account in the calculation of the annual economic effect. Along with other indicators, the annual economic effect is one of the main elements in calculating the economic efficiency of capital investments and new technology. As performance indicators, a system of profitability indicators is widely used, calculated as the ratio in the general form of profit to costs. Depending on the objectives of the study, the numerator and denominator of the fraction can be detailed, which allows for a factor analysis of the profitability indicator, on the basis of which the detailing was carried out. 61. SAMPLE CONTROL A characteristic feature of control in the study of reliability is that the possibilities of compiling samples are limited by the small number of pieces of equipment in the early stages of its development. As a rule, the customer chooses the number of units to be tested. However, the level of confidence in the test results varies depending on the number of units tested. The duration of the expected operational time and the degree of wear of the samples during testing have the same effect. In practice, sampling for reliability testing is carried out according to a plan that initially assumes 10% consumer risk at an acceptable quality level corresponding to 10% units, with below-standard reliability. Let us note some difference between statistical quality control and spot checks in connection with the technical support of reliability. In the latter case, in addition to questions about the representativeness of the sample, the question arises of the required test time. One hundred percent testing of batches until the samples are completely worn out is impossible. Therefore, the sampling schemes used in the study of reliability provide for the ongoing random inspection of manufactured products with a relaxed inspection regime until a product with characteristics below the norm is found. In other words, the weakened control procedure continues until a defective copy appears in the sample. When a unit of output with a reduced characteristic is found, the normal control mode is restored, which can switch to the enhanced control mode, depending on the number of defects identified in the sample. As a rule, such sampling plans are developed taking into account the given average time between failures and monthly production sizes. In the study of reliability, the method of sequential analysis is often used to decide whether to accept or reject a lot. First of all, it is revealed that the mean time of failure-free operation under given conditions is at the level of the established minimum or exceeds it. Such tests are planned after the specimens and test equipment to be tested have been properly inspected. Testing is terminated as soon as an acceptance decision is made. But they do not stop if a decision is made to reject the batch. In the latter case, they continue according to a well-defined plan of statistical control. The results of the reliability study are important in the certification of products and quality systems. Reliability measurement reports should include data on sample sizes, confidence intervals, and sampling procedures. When processing actual data on the frequency of failures during the operation of the equipment, an indicator is used that is the inverse of the failure rate - the average time between failures. The study of reliability is the object of statistical methods, allows their application and can be refined with their help. When carrying out selective control of reliability, along with the question of sample representation, the question of the required test time is decided. 62. ORGANIZATIONAL AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT Organizational analysis is performed to assess the internal and external conditions for the implementation of a new innovative product. Internal conditions include conditions that depend on the activities of the enterprise itself, in particular: - Information Support; - management features; - recruitment and training of personnel; - coordination of activities; organizational structures; - planning. The external ones include: the political, general economic and scientific and technical situation in society and the region. The main tasks of organizational analysis are: - definition of tasks and actions of the project participants regarding the political and legal situation; - assessment of the management and organizational structures of the enterprise from the standpoint of their compliance with the objectives of the project; - analysis of the provision of the project with resources and the need to restructure this provision, improve the skills of personnel; - selection of optimal management decisions in identifying negative organizational conditions for the implementation of an innovative project. Organizational analysis in a market economy is significantly different from the analysis of the organization of the introduction of a new product in a directive economy. These differences are due to changed political, legal and economic conditions. An enterprise can independently form a management system, organizational structures, plans, etc. Among the negative organizational conditions for the implementation of an investment project are: the economic risk of the enterprise, the organizational restructuring of the enterprise or the creation of new scientific and production structures, personnel problems at the enterprise. The purpose of social analysis is to determine the suitability of a project for its users. With the help of social analysis, the possibility of interaction between the manufacturer and the user of this product should be provided in order to promote this product and expand its production in the future. Social analysis focuses on four main aspects. 1. Socio-cultural and demographic characteristics of the population affected by the project. 2. Organization of the population in the area of the innovation project, the availability of labor force. 3. Acceptability of the project for the local culture (scientific potential). 4. A strategy to ensure the necessary commitment from the population groups and organizations using this project (its results). When developing an investment project and conducting social analysis, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the socio-demographic structure of the population, the possibilities of using local labor resources and the level of their qualifications. Also, when analyzing the prospects of activities, the expediency of attracting local investors from among those interested is taken into account. In turn, local authorities should be interested in expanding the infrastructure as a result of attracting outside investment. 63. ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, TECHNICAL ANALYSIS IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT Environmental analysis currently occupies a special position due to the sharp deterioration of the overall environmental situation. Its task is to identify the potential environmental damage caused by an investment project on all its steels, as well as the measures necessary to prevent this damage. An investment project can be carried out on the basis of existing enterprises, then it does not require additional capital investments. For example, if we compare the previous production with the expected one, then at the converted enterprises and in the workshops, the production should be environmentally friendly and safe. When assembling manufactured products, components and materials that are harmless to humans and the environment must be used. Economic analysis is an essential part of both the quality management system and project analysis. In both cases, the expediency and effectiveness of the development and introduction into production of products, the quality of which must meet certain standards and meet the requirements of the consumer, is substantiated. In the process of economic analysis, the sources of financing for a new project, the costs of its implementation and the effectiveness of implementation are determined. One of the indirect performance indicators can be considered the cost per unit of product quality. As part of the technical analysis of innovative projects, it is necessary to study: ^ technical and technological alternatives; ^ production location options; - timing of the project and its phases; - availability and sufficiency of sources of raw materials, labor force; - project schedules. These issues are studied at the stage of the pre-investment study in the development of a brief feasibility study, a full feasibility study and in the development of working documentation. The study of technical and technological alternatives concerns the comparison of the parameters of a new and replaced product. Such a comparison can be made using a qualitative or quantitative approach, depending on the availability of information. In conditions of commercial and technical-technological secrets, the qualitative approach is predominant. However, this does not exclude the possibility of using parametric approaches similar to those used in assessing the competitiveness of products. For example, a technical comparison of varicaps and generators of the old type can be carried out according to the following technical parameters: 1) dimensions; 2) the method of restructuring; 3) resistance to mechanical stress; 4) laboriousness; 5) scope. A qualitative analysis of the listed parameters once again confirms the advantages of the new product, since it is: ^ hundreds of times smaller than the one being replaced; - rebuilt not mechanically, but automatically; - more resistant to mechanical stress; - less time-consuming when mounting in circuits; - has a wider scope. 64. QUALITY LEVEL AND PRODUCT CERTIFICATION Certification in the generally accepted international terminology is defined as the establishment of conformity. National legislative acts of various countries specify: compliance with what is established and who establishes this correspondence. Certification appeared in connection with the need to protect the domestic market from products that are unsuitable for use. Issues of health and environmental protection force the legislature, on the one hand, to establish the responsibility of the supplier for the introduction of low-quality products into circulation. On the other hand, to establish mandatory minimum requirements for the characteristics of products put into circulation. The former include such legislative acts as, for example, the Law "On Consumer Rights Protection" adopted in Russia, or the law on product liability adopted in the EU countries. Laws establishing minimum performance requirements may apply to a product group as a whole or to individual product parameters. Thus, a restriction is established on the introduction into circulation of products that, in general or for any individual parameters, are subject to legislative acts. To put into circulation products that fall within the legally regulated area, official confirmation is required that they comply with all legal requirements. One form of such validation is product certification by an independent third party. If a positive result is obtained during the certification process, a document called a certificate of conformity is issued, confirming that the product meets all the minimum requirements. This document is a pass to the market in the legally regulated area. Products in a legally unregulated area can move freely within the market. At the same time, there are no formal requirements for establishing compliance with it. However, in a contractual situation, the consumer may require the supplier to prove that the product meets certain requirements. In this case, certification by a third party can also act as confirmation of the fulfillment of conditions, which will be recorded in a certificate of compliance with specific requirements established by the consumer. A supplier in a non-legislative area may have its products certified by an independent third party and on its own initiative. At the same time, he requests confirmation of the conformity of his products with the characteristics chosen at his discretion. A supplier may request that its products conform to certain standards, certain technical parameters, etc. Since the certification procedure is very expensive, it may entail either a decrease in the supplier's profit or an increase in the cost of the product. This may reduce its competitiveness in the market. Therefore, the supplier must clearly represent the mechanism for extracting benefits from the certification procedure. In any case, the competitiveness of the supplier will be determined by the quality of the product, which is not confirmed by a certificate of conformity. 65. INTELLECTUAL WORK IN CREATING QUALITY PRODUCTS: INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY The competitiveness of products depends on many factors, including the priority of the main ideas and design solutions embedded in the product scheme. If the new provisions have not received legal protection, then they can be used both for their intended purpose and in other industries without the permission of the applicant and the true author. Equipment and technologies created according to the ideas of some developers can be patented by other persons, become an object of trade and bring profit that the applicant and the author of the idea or design, who have not issued a document on the ownership of their intellectual work in a timely manner, cannot claim. Industrial property objects include: - discoveries; - rationalization proposals; - industrial samples; inventions; - trademarks. The discoveries include the establishment of new objectively existing patterns, phenomena and properties in the field of natural and technical sciences. This is the highest level of intellectual property. Discoveries give a powerful impetus to the expansion of knowledge of the material world, which contributes to an increase in the level of well-being of the peoples of the whole world. Discoveries contribute to the development of science, technology, serve as the basis for the creation of patents, industrial designs, rationalization proposals. After state registration, discoveries become an object of intellectual property. The opening must contain: - statement of scientific facts; signs of world novelty; - the significance of the new scientific position; - substantiation of reliability; - usefulness. The opening sequence includes: - establishing the real existence of the discovery object; - confirmation of opening priority; - if necessary, scientific substantiation of the object of discovery, for example, patterns, relationships with other phenomena. The priority of the discovery is confirmed by the date and fact of submitting a report on scientific work, publication in the press or a statement about the essential features of the discovery, for example, at exhibitions, conferences, on radio, television. If such data are not available, then the time of receipt of the application is recognized as the priority date. The novelty of the discovery is recognized if information about the content of the application, expressed or published by other authors, is not established. To register a discovery, it is necessary to prove that it belongs to the fundamental foundations of scientific knowledge, generalizes many significant facts, and is a leap in scientific knowledge on a global scale. The assessment of the level of fundamentality and compliance with the requirements for discovery is carried out by qualified experts authorized by the state. The reliability of the discovery must be justified theoretically or experimentally, and experimental evidence is more weighty for experts in the process of considering the application. Every discovery should be useful. It must be able to be used in science or technology. Therefore, the applicant is obliged to provide recommendations on how to apply the discovery. Inventions are understood as a new, mainly technical solution, which has significant differences from the known ones and gives a positive result. It can refer to any branch of the national economy, defense, social and cultural construction. 66. WORLD TRENDS IN PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT Any industrialized state is interested in creating conditions for intensifying the development of intellectual property objects, promoting the protection and use of the results of creative work, the legal protection of the latest domestic technologies, the interests of applicants and authors. All states are pursuing a policy of increasing investment inflows for the implementation of legal discoveries, patents and other objects of the owner. This contributes to the economic growth of countries, the prestige of the state, and the well-being of the people. Russia is joining the international system of intellectual property protection. In recent years, the Russian Federation has concluded agreements with international organizations on patent law, brings domestic patent legislation in line with generally accepted norms, in particular the laws of the European Union in the field of copyright and related rights, expands international cooperation, opens access to databases, allows advertising achievements in on a global scale. To improve the quality and patentability of products, national and international patent services systematically assess the possibilities of industrial use of patents, their readiness for this process. For promising inventions, applicants are invited to give their consent to the inclusion of their innovation in the database and justify the possibility of its use. After that, state patent institutions have the right to advertise inventions and promote their introduction into economic circulation in Russia and abroad. Inventors get the opportunity to compare their developments with the innovations of other authors, to advertise their intellectual property. In connection with the rapid development of information technology, information about discoveries and inventions has become an integral part of the global communication infrastructure using the Internet. Access to such a structure allows: - to control the ways of dissemination of information about industrial property objects; - reduces the possibility of its illegal use; - accelerates the registration of international applications for patents, discoveries. The quality of products depends on the level and novelty of new technologies, which requires the protection of the rights of authors. The presence of science-intensive innovations strengthens the market and financial positions of firms, increases investments, and their attractiveness as business partners. In this case, it is preferable to have your own fundamental inventions, although it is also possible to purchase them from other applicants. It is advisable to expand the range of protectable objects, primarily in computer science. In some countries, computer programs are protected by copyright, but this is not the case everywhere. Currently, contradictions are being overcome in terms of the level of protection of industrial property objects between developed and developing countries. The latter are interested in simplifying the conditions for obtaining high-tech new technologies and do not want to have effective restrictions on the illegal use of world achievements. In the current century, it is planned to create a unified world patent system using recognized working languages, a single patent, which will accelerate work to improve the quality and improve products. 67. MAIN PROVISIONS IN CREATING THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM When creating the organizational and functional structure of the quality management system, it is advisable to proceed from the following basic provisions. Quality management, being a subsystem of the overall management system, the activities of the enterprise, provides a continuous impact on the quality of the production process (from establishing the required quality level to the delivery of products to the customer) at all levels of management (from the head of the organization to the workers). Business process boundaries should be clearly defined as this serves as the basis for defining procedures for the elements of the quality system. The existing management system should be supplemented with quality management functions and linked to the production process. Thus, the created quality system leads to a change in the existing organizational structure of enterprise management. Changing the structure and functions of management will make it possible to more clearly and smoothly organize activities for the creation, manufacture and maintenance of construction products. The set of interrelated main, auxiliary and service processes is the business model of the enterprise. Therefore, in order to make it easier to formalize the production process when developing a quality management system, it is advisable to decompose the business model into business processes, each of which is characterized by its own control object. Within the framework of each of the selected business processes, the corresponding management functions are implemented. The production process, typical for each enterprise, is heterogeneous in its structure and content and consists of various operations, which, according to the composition of the work performed, can be divided into the main technological, auxiliary and service processes. The development of a business model is accompanied by an analysis of the management process and, if necessary, changes to the production process and organizational structure. At the same time, it is important to establish to what extent the achievement of the goals that were formulated when defining the quality policy will be ensured when solving problems within the framework of the selected business processes. The formalization of the production process and the introduction of appropriate changes into it will contribute to the fact that not only the SC in this organization will begin to function more efficiently, but the production process itself will be carried out more efficiently. In the course of this work, it will be possible to objectively assess where the necessary information is missing or not available in full, or, conversely, too many different documents and instructions are used. It is necessary to make a step-by-step breakdown of the production process, which will make it possible to establish the need for procedures that must be included in the quality system for each enterprise at the level of the control object (managed subsystem) and at the level of the management body (management subsystem). These basic provisions have already been tested in practice and have given positive results. 68. SYSTEM MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCT QUALITY, ITS MODERN FEATURES AND DEVELOPMENT For more than three decades, the tasks of creating high-quality products have been solved through systematic quality management. The principles of quality management, the formation of which is influenced by the history of the development of the economy, culture, political system of the country, are quite diverse today. Long-term world practice shows that quality assurance methods are largely similar, and certain trends in their development can be traced. Modern methods of quality assurance are disclosed in the following provisions. 1. It is necessary to assess the damage that low-quality products can cause to society. This takes into account damage from finished products (failures, injuries, inability to perform their functions, non-compliance with customer requirements, etc.) and damage in the process of manufacturing low-quality products (waste of time, energy, effort, etc.). In calculating preventive costs for quality, the magnitude of such damage should be taken into account. 2. In order for the company's products to be competitive, it is necessary to constantly improve its quality and reduce costs. 3. The main goal of the company's quality improvement program should be the continuous reduction of discrepancies between product quality indicators and the characteristics specified by the customer. This task is connected with the continuous improvement of the metrological service. 4. The damage that the customer suffers due to non-compliance with his requirements is proportional to the square of the deviation of the quality indicators. This must be taken into account when setting requirements for the quality of production processes. 5. The quality and cost of the finished product is mainly determined by the quality of the project and technology. Therefore, when designing, planning production and control methods, it is necessary to focus on the requirements for the quality of finished products. 6. At the stage of development and testing of prototypes, it is necessary to reduce the deviations of product characteristics from the specified quality. 7. It is necessary to identify the dependence of operational characteristics on other parameters of the product and the technological process and, using the established dependence, carry out the planning of the experiment based on statistical calculations. At the present stage, it is impossible not to note the increasing role of the state in resolving issues of product quality. In capitalist countries, direct participation and support by the government of quality improvement campaigns is increasingly observed, and the role of mandatory state standards is increasing. Thus, the American National Standards Institute for the year approved 638 new mandatory national standards, revised 594 standards. The first state safety standard for industrial robots was published. The Institute coordinates work on the preparation of standards in various industries, the Institute's plans include identifying the needs for standards in transport, the service sector, and labor protection. The work of the institute on certification, accreditation of testing laboratories, assessment and registration of quality management systems at manufacturing enterprises has intensified. 69. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE The product life cycle is constant changes, innovations, adjustments corresponding to changes in the product life cycle. The product life cycle includes 11 stages: 1) marketing, search and market research; 2) design and development of technical requirements, product development; 3) material and technical supply; 4) preparation and development of production processes; 5) production; 6) control, testing and examinations; 7) packaging and storage; 8) sales and distribution of products; 9) installation and operation; 10) technical assistance and service; 11) disposal after testing. The formation and maintenance of product quality is as follows: a) formation of initial requirements for products; b) terms of reference: it consists of the name and scope of the product; c) the general content of the sections is determined by the customer and the developer. Initial requirements are formed by the customer, which make it possible to create products of the required level, reducing the time and cost of product readiness. Requirements are based on market needs. The developer carries out development on the basis of the initial requirements of the customer, taking into account the results of the performed research and experimental work, the study of patent documentation, the requirements of external and internal markets. The customer together with the developer in the terms of reference determine the procedure for the delivery and acceptance of development results: - types of manufactured samples; test categories; - consideration of the results at the acceptance committee; - documents submitted for acceptance. After the approval of the act of the acceptance committee, the action of the terms of reference ends. Tasks in the delivery of development results: - ensuring stable product quality; - analysis of data on the results of operation; identifying areas for product improvement; - performance of works on preparation and organization of service maintenance. There is an assessment of the level of product quality - this is an operation that includes: selection of a range of quality indicators; - determination of the values of these indicators; - comparing them with the base ones. Industrial products are divided into two classes. The first class consists of three groups: 1) raw materials and fossil fuels that have passed the extraction stage, liquid, solid and gaseous fuels, etc.; 2) materials and products (timber, artificial fuel, oils and lubricants, chemical products, etc.); 3) consumables (liquid fuel in barrels, gas cylinders, cables in coils, etc.). The second class (products that consume their resource) consists of two groups: 1) non-repairable products (electrovacuum and semiconductor devices, resistors, capacitors, bearings, gears, etc.); 2) repaired products (process equipment, automatic lines, measuring instruments, vehicles, etc.). 70. ANALYSIS OF MARRIAGE AND LOSS FROM MARRIAGE Marriage can be detected at the very enterprise where this product was manufactured; if the enterprise that faced this problem did not solve it in a timely manner, it may subsequently suffer losses, losses from marriage, and the economy of the enterprise may also suffer significantly. There are a number of reasons for marriage in production: - the documentary design of the goods was incorrectly produced; - malfunction of equipment, tools in production; - negligence and defect of the manufacturer; deformation of the goods during transportation; - the appearance of the goods does not match the sample; - defects of the goods of hidden significance (for example, the defect is disclosed only during the operation of the goods); - Initially, the raw materials did not correspond to the intended quality of the goods; - negligence in work, etc. The enterprise pays the buyer the costs that he incurred in connection with the purchase of low-quality goods, and the enterprise must also bear the transportation costs in connection with the replacement of defective products to the buyer. The total losses for the correction of marriage (Pbr) will be: Pbr \uXNUMXd Pb + Pib + Pbv + Piv, where Pb - losses during the final internal marriage of products; Pib - loss of the enterprise to correct internal marriage; Pbv - losses from the marriage of products manufactured by the enterprise (the amount of reimbursement to buyers for the costs incurred in connection with the purchase of completely rejected products by them, the amount of expenses for the dismantling of rejected products; the amount of transportation costs caused by the replacement of products rejected by buyers), rub .; Piv - the amount of losses from the correction of an external marriage (the cost of materials, components used to correct the marriage; the amount of wages of employees of the enterprise spent in connection with the correction of marriage; the amount of reimbursement to buyers of costs associated with the acquisition of corrected defective products; correction of the marriage minus the cost of the finally rejected products at the price of its possible use; the amount of damages actually recovered from the perpetrators of the marriage). Also, when analyzing marriage, absolute and relative indicators are calculated. The absolute size of the marriage is the sum of the costs of finally rejected products and the costs of correcting the correctable marriage. The absolute amount of losses from the marriage is obtained by subtracting from the absolute size of the marriage the cost of the marriage at the price of use, the amount of deductions from the persons responsible for the marriage and the amount of penalties from suppliers for the supply of low-quality materials. Relative indicators of scrap size and scrap losses are calculated as a percentage of the absolute scrap size or scrap losses, respectively, to the production cost of commercial products. The cost of good products that were received without defects is determined by the actual volume of marketable products at planned prices, multiplied by the share of the final defect of the production cost. It is advisable to start studying the analysis of defects found in production and complaints from the causes of their occurrence, this will more accurately determine the amount of funds spent and the costs of ensuring product quality. To avoid cost overruns, special additional graphs and the Pareto curve have been created, they reflect the shortcomings, estimate the costs, the time required to eliminate these defects. 71. FORMATION OF THE STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF QUALITY Currently, there is a reorientation of the system of state regulation, aimed at expanding its capabilities. The production of high-quality, competitive products is largely determined by the policy pursued by the state in the field of supporting the manufacturer, in his desire to produce high-quality products. Each state develops its own approach and implements it in the field of quality. The main provisions of the doctrine of state policy in the field of quality in Russia: sustainable development of Russia - a new quality of socio-economic development mechanisms; total qualification of society, economy, ecology, management, education; quality is declared as the main goal of the state and ongoing reforms; Russia's quality policy should proceed from the trend of increasing knowledge intensity of quality; the quality policy should cover the information environment and the spiritual sphere of Russian society; the quality policy should cover management. The quality of management is the dominant goal of the state policy of quality; state policy should demand the domestic scientific potential, which is sufficient for the formation of such a policy. As a result of numerous discussions, a draft concept of a national policy in Russia in the field of product and service quality has emerged. This concept is a system of official views on: the role of the quality of products and services in the implementation of national interests in Russia; goals of Russia's national policy in the field of product and service quality; the main directions of the national policy in the field of product and service quality. Based on the role of the quality of products and services in the implementation of the national interests of Russia, the goal of the national policy in the concept is defined as: - achieving the competitiveness of products and services in the domestic and foreign markets and ensuring, on this basis, the sustainable development of the domestic economy and its integration into the world economy; production of highly efficient and reliable means of production for the development of industry, agriculture, and the service sector; - meeting the ever-growing demand of the population for high-quality and safe products and services, increasing employment, increasing effective demand and, ultimately, improving the quality of life; - ensuring the necessary level of quality of military equipment and weapons to increase the country's defense capability and protect its independence; - strengthening Russia's position as an economically developed and strong military power and strengthening its position in the world community; - ensuring the development of modern information technologies and the information industry; - Solving the problems of preserving the environment and ensuring the ecological safety of the country. The national quality policy in the international sphere should be aimed at: - consolidation of Russia's leading position in the development of the research and production potential of the CIS countries; - restoration and development of scientific and industrial cooperation between enterprises of these countries; - accelerating the pace of economic development in Russia and other CIS countries; - expanding Russia's presence in the world markets that are attractive to it and strengthening its competitive status in them; - expansion of research and production cooperation between domestic enterprises and leading foreign firms in the interests of implementing major international projects in order to gain Russia a leading position in a number of sectors of the world market. 72. STATE REGULATION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR PRODUCT QUALITY The quality and safety of goods (works, services) circulating on the Russian market largely depend on the effectiveness of state control (supervision), the effectiveness of the application by state inspectors for the supervision of state standards and ensuring the uniformity of measurements and other officials authorized to draw up protocols and consider cases on administrative offenses, state measures of influence for the commission of offenses provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. For violation of the mandatory requirements of state standards, rules for mandatory certification, as well as for violation of the requirements of regulatory documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements, the legislation of the Russian Federation provides for: administrative, criminal, civil liability. Administrative responsibility is established by the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, which regulates relations in the field of protecting the health and safety of citizens. The Code establishes the liability of individuals and legal entities. It also establishes liability for administrative offenses committed in various fields of activity, sectors of the economy and management. A measure of responsibility may be applied by an official of the body authorized to consider cases of administrative offenses, on the basis of a protocol on an administrative offense drawn up by an authorized official. Administrative responsibility is aimed at ensuring the functioning and increasing the role of state supervision, including state control, over compliance with the mandatory requirements of state standards, mandatory certification rules, and requirements of regulatory documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements. Criminal liability is established by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for violation of the requirements for the safety of goods, works, services: 1) production, storage or transportation for the purpose of sale or sale of goods and products, performance of work or provision of services that do not meet the requirements for the safety of life or health of consumers; 2) the same acts, if they: a) committed by a group of persons by prior agreement or by an organized group; b) committed repeatedly; c) committed in relation to goods, works or services intended for children under 6 years of age; d) caused by negligence the infliction of grievous bodily harm or death of a person; 3) acts that negligently caused the death of two or more persons. Civil liability is provided for by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation and is expressed in the application of measures by the court to the offender in the interests of the victim. As a rule, these are measures of a property nature - compensation for harm, losses, payment of a penalty, penalties, fines. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation specifically provides for compensation for damage caused due to a lack of goods, work, services. Damage caused to the life, health or property of the consumer is subject to compensation in full. 73. INTEGRATED PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS In the system, great importance is attached to the compliance of the state of equipment, tooling, tools, instrumentation and technical documentation with the requirements of the technological process. Mandatory scientific organization of labor and production, clear intra-production relations, the rhythm of work. The criterion for quantifying the quality of labor allows you to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise, apply moral and material incentives. At the same time, the variety of methods of moral stimulation and the amount of material incentives at various enterprises does not change the basic principle of the system. The system of material and moral incentives for performers contributes to the production of high quality products and the delivery of products from the first presentation. The CANARSPI system is used at many enterprises in various industries, as a result of which the time for bringing new products to a given quality level has been significantly reduced, reliability has increased, and the service life of products has increased. The NORM system has become widely known among product quality management systems (scientific organization of work to increase motor resources), developed at the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. This system provides an integrated approach to quality management at the stages of design, manufacture and operation of engines. It is based on the planning of the main indicators of product quality and the management of these indicators. The introduction of the NORM system made it possible to significantly reduce the cost of maintenance and repair of engines, and significantly increase the engine service life. The main task is to analyze consumer claims, instruct and assist in the operation and repair of engines. At enterprises, for each department, workshop, section, their own criteria for assessing the quality of work are established, taking into account the nature of the activity of this unit and the contractor. The quality factor allows you to compare the results of the work of various links when summing up the results of activities, to specify the tasks of improving the level of product quality and reducing defects. It also serves as the basis for material and moral incentives for performers and teams and for their certification. The principles of organization and functioning at various enterprises have their own characteristics, the following are common: - delivery of products from the first presentation; - coefficient of labor quality; - days of quality assessment; - the strictest control of execution. The system of defect-free labor has spread to various industrial enterprises, design and engineering organizations, transport, agriculture, public service enterprises, etc. It increases collective responsibility, discipline of workers, interest in improving the quality of labor, which ensures the growth of production efficiency and the improvement of product quality. 74. LAW "ON TECHNICAL REGULATION" The Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" was adopted by the State Duma and approved by the Federation Council; entered into force on December 27.12.2002, XNUMX. The following basic concepts are used in this Federal Law. 1. Safety of products, production processes, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal. 2. Veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures. 3. Declaration of conformity. 4. Declaration of conformity. 5. Applicant. 6. Sign of market circulation. 7. Mark of conformity. 8. Product identification. 9. Monitoring compliance with the requirements of technical regulations. 10. International standard. 11. National standard. The following are recognized as national standards of the Russian Federation: state and interstate, until the entry into force of the relevant technical regulations, requirements for products that are subject to mandatory execution only in terms of the relevant goals: protecting life and health, property of individuals and legal entities, state and municipal property, etc. . The Law "On Technical Regulation" is of social and economic importance and establishes the rules for state regulation of requirements for products, consumer goods, services in the interests of the consumer, and also provides for debureaucratization of the economy, increasing the level of regulation in the field of activity. The law is a comprehensive legislative act of the Russian Federation that regulates: the procedure for the use of generally binding state requirements for products; the procedure for the implementation of procedures in relation to optional requirements for these objects; systems of normative and recommendatory acts; the order of work on standardization; the procedure for organizing and exercising state control; order of information and financing. The Law "On Technical Regulation" completely replaces the laws of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services" and "On Standardization", which become invalid from the date of its entry into force. The law is an act of direct action and solves most of the issues that were previously regulated by acts of federal bodies. Principles of technical regulation: application of unified rules for establishing requirements for products; compliance with the level of development of the national economy; independence of accreditation bodies; unity of the system, methods, requirements. Inadmissible: restriction of competition, combining the powers of a state control body, extra-budgetary financing of state control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations. The legislation of the Russian Federation on technical regulation consists of this Law and regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. Federal authorities are entitled to issue in the field of technical regulation only acts of a recommended nature, except for the cases provided for by this Federal Law. Features of technical regulation in the field of defense products and products constituting a state secret. The procedure for the adoption and application of documents in relation to products, as well as conformity assessment are established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Mandatory requirements for products should not contradict the requirements of technical regulations. 75. TECHNICAL REGULATIONS Objectives: - protection of human life and health; - protection of property of individuals and legal entities; - protection of municipal or state property; - environmental protection. Technical regulations establish requirements that ensure: electrical, chemical, thermal, industrial, fire, mechanical safety. Technical regulations establish the necessary veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures for products. Requirements for individual types of products are determined by a combination of requirements of general and special technical regulations. Types of technical regulations: 1. General technical: mandatory for use and compliance with any type of product, production process, storage, transportation, etc., are accepted on issues of safe operation, disposal of machinery, equipment, buildings, structures and the safe use of adjacent territories. 2. Special technical: take into account the technological and other features of certain types of products, production processes, storage, transportation, etc., establish requirements only for those types of products in respect of which the goals are not met by the requirements of general technical regulations, they establish requirements only for those individual types of products where the degree of risk of causing harm is higher than the degree of risk of causing harm. Procedure for the development and adoption of technical regulations: - in exceptional cases, in the event of circumstances leading to an immediate threat to life or health; - technical regulations can be adopted by an international treaty; - The government has the right to issue a decree on the relevant technical regulation. Technical regulations should include: - requirements that provide 11 types of security; - requirements to ensure the uniformity of measurements; - rules for identifying the object of regulation; - rules and forms of conformity assessment; - deadlines for assessing the conformity of each object of regulation; - requirements for terminology, packaging, marking or labels and the rules for their application. Requirements should not create obstacles to normal business activities. The technical regulation must contain an exhaustive list of products and related processes to which its requirements apply. The legal meaning is that these requirements, if they are provided for in the technical regulation, in any other document cannot be mandatory. The procedure for developing, adopting, amending and canceling technical regulations: 1) technical regulations are adopted by federal law; 2) any person can be a project developer; 3) a notification about the development of the project must be published; 4) from the moment of publication, the project should be available to interested parties for review; 5) the completion of the public discussion of the project must be announced in a printed publication. 76. TECHNICAL DIAGNOSIS Diagnostics is a specific method by which one or another object is studied for specific purposes. The word "diagnosis" comes from the Greek word "diagnosis", which means recognition, determination. The object of diagnostics is a technical object, the state of which is being investigated, the final stage of the study is obtaining a diagnosis, i.e. a conclusion about the state of the object: 1) corrected; 2) is defective; 3) there is some kind of malfunction in the object. A malfunction in the operation of a unit, assembly or system as a whole is a consequence of the occurrence of defects in its elements. Defects in parts and other elements of machines is their deviation from the original established quality specified by the technical specifications, i.e. from the shape, specified dimensions, indicators of physical and mechanical properties, lubrication quality, surface cleanliness, color, etc. The occurrence and development of defects depends on: 1) design imperfections, manufacturing technology; 2) operating conditions of a technical object, etc. The development and appearance of defects due to malfunctions for a long time almost does not affect the operation of the object. The process of slow deterioration of performance is considered normal and natural, but under certain conditions, defects appear and differ very quickly. Quantitative indicators reach limit values over time, and the object sharply worsens its parameters, and sometimes becomes unusable. The basis of technical diagnostics is the analysis of various physical processes occurring in a running machine and their impact on its performance, the latter at a point in time are determined by the level and stability of the characteristics of the working process, the quality of parts and interfaces that have certain physical properties, for example: - mutual arrangement; shape, roughness; waviness of the surface; - geometric parameters; - linear dimensions. It is possible to single out the stages of production and operation of a technical object, when it was used for its intended purpose, subjected to preventive checks after repair and before repair. For an object at each stage of existence, in accordance with the service value, certain operational indicators are set, which it must comply with, however, due to malfunctions, this correspondence may be violated. Operational indicators cover the main parameters of the object, characterizing the performance of the specified functions, and secondary ones, such as ease of use, appearance. An object is serviceable if it fully complies with all operational indicators, all its parameters, both primary and secondary, are within the specified limits. An object is operational if its main parameters are within the specified norm. The object functions properly if its main parameters characterizing the operation in a given mode and at a given time do not go beyond the permissible limits. A malfunction is an output of any parameter outside the normal range. 77. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF TECHNICAL DIAGNOSIS 1. Health check. 2. Performance check. 3. Function test. The purpose of the health check is to make sure that there is not a single fault in the object, this is the most complete type of control. Health check allows you to identify whether the object contains defective components, and their installation, errors in production, health check tasks are assigned to the department. The purpose of the health check is to evaluate the ability of an object to perform all the functions provided by its operation algorithm. A sanity check is a less comprehensive check that can detect faults that do not prevent the object from being used for its intended purpose, for example: a redundant object may have faults in redundant components. Checking the performance is carried out at the stage of operation of the object during preventive maintenance before using the object for its intended purpose. The purpose of the functional check is to check whether there are any malfunctions that disrupt the operation at a given time. Operation check is an even more simplified control of the operation of an object in only one mode, which is carried out at the operational stage. Thus, a serviceable object is always operable and functions correctly, a malfunctioning object is always inoperable, therefore, it is faulty. In practice, there are cases when a properly functioning object may be inoperative, i.e., faulty, or a healthy object is functioning correctly, but may be faulty. For example: an electric stove that is heating is functioning properly, but may not provide temperature control, or an electric stove in which the temperature control unit is operating may not be able to accurately maintain temperature or the insulation resistance of electrical circuits relative to the housing. The theory of technical diagnostics is based on the concepts of system and element. A system is a collection of elements whose interrelated functions are coordinated to accomplish a common task; the concept of the system covers the object as a whole. An element is a part of a system that performs a given function. The division of the system into an arbitrary number of parts, each of which performs a specific function, is ambiguous. The concept of "element" cannot be strictly tied to a specific part or assembly, the object can be considered as one element when checking the functioning and operability, or divided into component parts when troubleshooting. During operation and repair, some properties of the object may change, which leads to a change in its state. A state is a well-defined behavior characterized by a set of some properties of a machine or its mechanism. This concept applies equally to the details of the elements of the machine and to the system as a whole. There are three types of tasks to determine the technical condition of the object. 1. The task of diagnostics is to determine the state in which the object is currently located. 2. The task of forecasting is the prediction of the state in which the object will be at a future moment in time. 3. The task of genetics is to determine the state in which the object was at some point in time in the past. 78. TECHNICAL DIAGNOSIS CHECKS The process of diagnostics is a repeated supply of certain influences, measurements and analysis of the object's responses to these influences (output signals) to the object. Elementary verification - this process can be divided into separate parts, each of which is a physical experiment on the object, determined by the value of the impact on the diagnostic object and its responses to these impacts. Answers can be taken from the main moves of the object, necessary for its intended use, and from additional outputs organized specifically for diagnostic purposes, such outputs are called control points. The test result proved that the response values obtained during its implementation, i.e. signals at control points, can have a different physical nature, they can be electrical signal parameters, pressure, speed, temperature, power. An object that is in different technical states can produce different results of the same elementary check. With a fixed composition of the outputs of the object, elementary checks can differ from each other only by the action, and vice versa, elementary checks differ from each other only by the composition of the outputs, if the action is fixed. Checks can cover a different number of object elements. Checks are element-wise and global. Element-by-element verification consists in the control of each element of the system separately. The global check covers all elements. Impacts on an object can be supplied from diagnostic tools or be external to them, i.e., generated in the object itself in the course of its operation. Measurements and analysis of object responses are always performed by means of diagnostics. Test diagnostics is called diagnostics, during which the impact on the object is generated by diagnostic tools. In test diagnostics, the composition and sequence of impacts can be selected based on the conditions for the effective organization of the diagnostic process. You can choose the next impact depending on the results of the analysis of responses to the previous impact. Test diagnostic systems are used for any type of control: - serviceability; - working capacity; - Troubleshooting operation. Test diagnostics is usually used when the object is not used for its intended purpose, it is also possible to use this method during the operation of the object, if the test actions do not affect its normal operation. Functional diagnostics is called in the case when the supply of impact on the object from the diagnostic tools is not performed, but only the working impacts of the object, provided for by its functioning algorithm, are used. Functional diagnostic systems are used to monitor the functioning and troubleshooting that disrupt normal functioning. Functional diagnostic systems are often used in modes of simulating the operation of an object. 79. METHODS OF TECHNICAL DIAGNOSIS The use of diagnostic control methods provides a more complete correspondence between the state of the object and the amount of work required for its maintenance and repair. Methods of technical diagnostics are classified. 1. By stages of operation: - at the stages of adjustment; - during maintenance; - when performing scheduled repairs of equipment. 2. According to the degree of use of technical means - performed: - without technical means; - using the simplest means of amplifying the information signal; - using technical means. 3. According to the depth of diagnostics of the technological system: - general; - element by element. 4. According to the degree of informativeness - methods that provide information: - about the moment of occurrence of failure; the location of the defect; - about the reason for the failure when using automatic diagnostic tools. Diagnostic information is diagnostic methods that reveal information about the controlled process itself, about indirect indicators that accompany the continuation of the process. Diagnostic information is obtained by measuring a number of parameters: the magnitude of vibrations, acoustic vibrations, natural deformations of one or more parts of the vehicle (technological system), deformations at the joints of pairs of mating fixed and moving parts of the vehicle, forces acting in the vehicle, parameters associated with the processing process (modes , temperature of individual elements of the vehicle, duration of processing cycles, productivity). According to the architectonics of building the process of diagnosing equipment, there are: element-by-element checks, group checks, logical analysis of failure symptoms. Diagnosing TS is a complex process. Technical diagnostic tools are divided into: 1) passive - serve only to identify faults and evaluate indicators characterizing the current state of the equipment; 2) active - affect the object of diagnosis, generate and send a signal that causes an estimated reaction of the equipment. According to the principle of diagnosing, all technical means are divided into means: for checking the operation of equipment, for assessing the accuracy of the parameters of manufactured parts or equipment accuracy standards. These tools can be manual, semi-automatic and automatic. According to the nature of the tasks to be solved, they are divided into: 1) means of checking equipment, by means of which its compliance with specified technical conditions is determined; 2) means of checking the operability, by means of which the ability of the equipment to perform the specified algorithm of functioning in the working cycle is determined. Failures arising during the operation of equipment are classified into external manifestations (main and hidden). The external manifestations of latent failures depend on several reasons, the obvious failures of equipment elements are determined visually, according to the functioning and the relationship parameter: dependent, independent. Dependent - secondary failures, due to the action of the primary failure. Independent failures can be caused by any cause other than the effect of another failure. 80. BASIC CONCEPTS IN THE FIELD OF TECHNICAL MAINTENANCE OF RELIABILITY As a technical concept, "reliability" is the probability of satisfactorily performing a particular function. Since reliability is a probability, statistical characteristics are used to evaluate it. The reliability measurement results should include data on: 1) the size of the samples; 2) on confidential boundaries; 3) on sampling procedures, etc. The main concepts related to reliability are the following. Serviceability - the state of the product, in which it currently meets all the established requirements. Malfunction - the state of the product, in which it at a given time does not meet at least one of the requirements that characterize the normal performance of the specified functions. Operability - the state of the product, in which it at a given moment in time meets all the requirements established in relation to the main parameters characterizing the normal performance of the specified functions. Failure - an event consisting in the complete or partial loss of the product of its performance. A complete failure is a failure, until the elimination of which the use of the product for its intended purpose becomes impossible. Partial failure - a failure, until the elimination of which it remains possible to partially use the product. Durability - the property of the product to maintain performance until destruction. In technology, the concept of "satisfactory performance" is also used. The exact definition of this concept is connected with the definition of its opposite - "unsatisfactory performance" or "refusal". Failure is understood as the appearance of the first signs of malfunction or malfunction during the operation of the equipment. Each failure is characterized by a certain time of its occurrence. System failures may be due to: 1) the design of parts; 2) their manufacture; 3) operation. In modern conditions, much attention is paid to the reliability of electronic equipment. The general concept of reliability is opposed by the concept of "actual reliability" of a piece of equipment. This concept represents the probability of no-failure operation in accordance with the specified specifications under the specified verification tests for the required period of time. The reliability of many products can be revealed in the conditions of their consumption. A scientifically based system for monitoring the operation of products makes it possible to identify defects caused by violations of the manufacturer's technological process. The manufacturer must: 1) apply statistical quality control; 2) check at regular intervals the state of process controllability; 3) strive to improve the quality and reliability of manufactured equipment; 4) ensure a correct understanding of customer requirements and their satisfaction. Duration of service is not the only indicator of operational properties. In some cases, reliability can be characterized by other indicators: 1) mileage; 2) the duration of active use, etc. The service life of products depends both on the manufacturing conditions and on the operating conditions. 81. REQUIREMENTS OF COMPLIANCE WITH STATE STANDARDS The objective side of the offense is characterized by action and is expressed in violation of the mandatory requirements of state standards in the implementation, use, transportation and disposal of products. Violation of mandatory requirements is equated to the failure of business entities to provide products, documents, information necessary for the implementation of state control and supervision. Mandatory requirements of state standards established by the legislation of the Russian Federation: - ensuring the safety of products, works and services for the environment, life, health and property; - ensuring technical and information compatibility; - product interchangeability; - unity of methods and their control; - unity of marking. Other requirements of state standards for products, works and services are subject to mandatory compliance by business entities, if specified in the contract, with the technical documentation of the manufacturer of products, the contractor of works and services. State control and supervision is carried out at the stages of development, preparation of products for production, their manufacture, sale, etc. The procedure for exercising state control is established by the State Standard of the Russian Federation. An offense can be committed intentionally, and "avoidance" also emphasizes the intentional nature of the action and implies failure to comply with the requirement to provide products, documents or other information that indicates disrespect for the authorities exercising state supervision in this area. Liability arises except in cases where the offense is provided for by a special rule. The objective side of the offense is expressed in violation of the rules of mandatory certification. Illegal actions: - sale of certified products that do not meet the requirements of regulatory documents for which they were certified; - sale of certified products without a certificate or law of conformity; - lack of indications in the accompanying technical documentation of information about certification, about regulatory documents that the specified products must comply with; - failure to provide information to the consumer (buyer, customer); - provision of unreliable test results of products; - unreasonable issuance of a certificate of conformity for products subject to mandatory certification. Violation of the mandatory requirements of state standards entails liability: - on officials - the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of five to ten minimum wages with confiscation of the objects of the administrative offense; - on legal entities - the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of fifty to one hundred minimum wages with confiscation of the objects of the administrative offense. 82. ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES Standard - normative and technical document. Standardization activity consists in finding solutions for repetitive tasks in the field of science, technology, economics and is aimed at achieving the optimal degree of streamlining in a particular area. The main task of standardization is the creation of a system of normative and technical documentation that defines progressive requirements for products, as well as control over the correct use of this documentation. The current standardization system provides and maintains in proper condition: 1) a single technical language; 2) unified series of the most important technical characteristics of products (tolerances, landings, frequencies); 3) size ranges and typical designs of products for general machine-building applications (bearings, fasteners, cutting tools); 4) interchangeability, variance and consistency, repeatability. Repeatability defines the range of objects to which things are applicable, processes that have one common property (repeatability either in time or in space). Variance - the creation of a rational variety, which provides a minimum of rational varieties of standard elements included in the standardized object. Consistency defines the standard as an element of the system and leads to a system of standards interconnected by an internal entity. The standardization system, depending on the level, is divided into: 1) international standardization; 2) interstate standardization (interstate regions); 3) national standardization; 4) industry standardization; 5) standardization at the enterprise level; 6) standardization at the level of public organizations, associations, unions. For the first time in 1904, the International Electromechanical Commission (IEC) was created, which began to engage in standardization activities in relation to electrical products. Russia joined the IEC in 1911, the USSR joined the IEC in 1926. The IEC has survived to this day and deals with standardization in the field of radio electronics and electrical engineering. In 1926, the International Federation of National Standards Associations (ISO) was formed. In 1939, all communications were broken, in 1944 work on international standardization began again and the Committee for the Coordination of Standards (CSC) was formed, which in 1946 was transformed into the International Organization for Standardization ISO. At present, ISO and IEC work closely together, but independently. ISO is engaged in all types of standardization activities, except those enshrined in the IEC. Member committees are national standardization organizations of countries recognized by their governments as the most representative and declared in ISO as a full representative. From the Russian Federation, such a representative is Gosstandart. Only one plant organization with the right to one vote can be entered into ISO from each country. Corresponding members - countries in which there are no standardization organizations. The end result of ISO's work is international standards developed by technical committees. There are currently 170 technical committees. 83. ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 1. Proposal for a new topic from one of the ISO member committees. 2. Registration of the proposal with the ISO Central Secretariat. 3. Newsletter for the review of the 1st draft proposal. If less than 50% of the committees vote for the draft, then the document is finalized taking into account the comments received and the 2nd draft is sent out. After three mailings, a discussion is organized in the technical committee of the project, a compromise solution is developed with the direct participation of technical specialists. The draft is sent to the member committees for feedback, and if 75% of the committees that sent their feedback express their approval, then the draft is sent to the ISO Council for approval. The United States and France lead the majority of ISO technical committees. In the Russian Federation, standards are managed by the State Committee for Standardization (Gosstandart). Under Gosstandart there are several research institutes (VNIKI, VNIIS) - specialized bodies that form and maintain an all-Russian fund of standards. The following categories of standards operate in the Russian Federation. They correspond to the hierarchy of standardization that we talked about (international, regional, industry). 1. Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. 2. Industry standards. 3. Specifications (TU). 4. Standards of enterprises, associations. 5. Standards of scientific and technical societies. The development of standards in the Russian Federation is similar to that adopted in world practice. The development begins with the preparation of the terms of reference, which is sent for feedback to the leading enterprises, then - the preparation of other intermediate revisions, until 75% are positive. After that, the standard is approved by the relevant authorities and, by order, is put into production. Enterprises have a standardization service within a department, group, laboratory that organizes the implementation of higher-level standards and organizes the development of enterprise standards. All standards are reviewed within 5 years. Standardization as a type of activity is not an end in itself, but is one of the means of increasing production efficiency: 1) by reducing costs and terms for the development and development of new products and technological processes in production; 2) by improving the quality of products - economic relations between enterprises both within the country and at the interstate level. Product Certification Certification is the act of certifying, by means of a certificate (or mark of conformity), that a product or service meets the requirements of certain standards or specifications. Certificate (certificate of conformity) - a document issued in accordance with the rules of certification, indicating that assurance is provided that a properly identified product, process or service conforms to a specific standard or other normative document. Ultimately, the introduction of certification provides the following benefits: 1) increases confidence in the quality of products exported to other countries; 2) prevents the import into the country of products that do not meet the required level of quality; 3) reduces the import of similar products; 4) simplifies the choice of products by the consumer; 4) improves the quality of standards by identifying outdated provisions in them. 84. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR COOPERATION WITH THE RUSSIAN STATE STANDARD International organizations for standardization in the course of their activities perform the following functions: 1) international management of standardization, including coordination of the activities of state authorities in all countries, interaction with the authorities of the country, which is supervised by this international organization, with public associations, including technical committees for standardization, with subjects of various economic activities; 2) international organizations form and implement a policy in the field of standardization, exercise control and supervision over compliance with the mandatory requirements of international standards, participate in work on international (regional) standardization, organize professional training and retraining of personnel in the field of standardization, and also establish rules for the application of international ( regional) standards, rules, norms and recommendations for standardization. In accordance with the established rules, international organizations establish in the standards of the standardization system the general rules for carrying out standardization work. Gosstandart of Russia participates in the work of international and regional organizations, including: 1) International Organization for Standardization (ISO); 2) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); 3) European Organization for Quality (EOK); 4) the Pacific Rim Standardization Congress (PASC); 5) World Trade Organization (WTO); 6) Certification systems for electrical safety (IEC SE); 7) International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML); 8) Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IGU); 9) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE); 10) Safety systems for electrical equipment (IEC SB); 11) Certification systems for electronic components IEC (CC EC IEC); 12) Metrological Organization of the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (COOMET); 13) Asia-Pacific Forum on Legal Metrology (APFLM); 14) Working group of representatives of Russia and the Commission of the European Union (WGES-RF); 15) European Organization for Standardization in Electrical Engineering (SENELEC); 16) International Organization of Weights and Measures (MOMV); 17) International Conference on Laboratory Accreditation (ILAC). Also cooperates with foreign national bodies for standardization, metrology, certification and accreditation and quality, including: Austria, Canada, USA, Slovenia, France, Belgium, Turkey, Sweden, Japan, Latvia, Great Britain, Singapore, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan , Ukraine, North Korea, Finland, South Africa, Vietnam, China, Republic of Cuba, Republic of Korea, Slovakia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Uzbekistan, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, India, Czech Republic, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan , Estonia; develops and participates in the development of international (regional) standards, rules and recommendations. 85. CLASSIFICATION OF STANDARDS OF THE ISO 9000 SERIES The ISO 9000 series of standards can be divided into three distinct groups. The first group - Basic standards. This group includes 4 ISO standards (9001, 9002, 9003, 9004): - ISO 9001: 1994 Quality systems - Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and maintenance; - ISO 9002: 1994 Quality systems - Model for quality assurance in production, installation and service; - ISO 9003: 1994 Quality systems - Model for quality assurance in the control and testing of finished products; - ISO 9004: 1993 General quality management and quality system elements. The second group is Support Standards. This group contains standards intended to assist: 1) in the performance of activities related to the inspection of the quality system; 2) in the definition of terms most commonly found in standards and specifications (ISO 8402: 1994 Quality management and quality assurance - Vocabulary); areas of application of the various standards (ISO 9000-1: 1994 Quality management and quality assurance standards - Part 1: Guidelines for selection and application). ISO 9000-1 establishes as key objectives: - achieving, maintaining and striving for continuous improvement of the quality of its activities in order to fully meet all customer requirements; — providing assurance to the supplier that quality requirements are met and maintained and that continual quality improvement is taking place; — providing assurance that the requirements for the quality system are met. The third group - Methodological guides. This group contains methodological recommendations, which are assistance documents. 1. In practical application ISO 9001, 9002 and 9003: ISO 9000-2: 1993 Quality management and quality assurance standards. 2. General guidelines for the application of ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 9003. ISO9000-3: 1991 Quality management and quality assurance standards - Part 3: Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001 to software development, delivery and maintenance. ISO 9000-4: 1993 Quality management and quality assurance standards - Part 4: Guidelines for managing a reliability program. 2. In applying ISO 9004-1 (ISO 9004-1: 1994 Quality management and quality system elements - Part 1: Guidelines) to: - implementation of a quality system in the service sector; - quality management of processed materials; — continuous quality improvement within the organization (ISO 9004-4: 1993 Quality management and elements of a quality system - Part 2: Guidelines for quality improvement). 3. In the preparation of quality manuals (ISO 10013 Guidelines for the development of quality manuals). 4. In preparation and application: — quality plans (ISO 1005); — quality assurance in forward-looking management (ISO 1006); — control configurations (ISO 1007); - plans for continuous education and training of personnel (ISO 10015). 86. ISO ACTIVITIES IN QUALITY ASSURANCE ISO is an international organization for standardization. ISO promotes the development of standardization and the activation of the role of standards in the world. Its main task is to develop cooperation and international exchange in the intellectual, scientific, technical fields of activity. This non-governmental organization, founded in 1947, currently brings together representatives from 140 countries. The result of ISO activities is the publication of agreed international standards in all areas of life, excluding areas falling within the competence of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The activities of ISO are carried out as follows. Representatives of various states choose for themselves the form of participation in the work of the organization. They may be full members, non-voting members and observers. The governing body of ISO is the General Assembly. Today, ISO has the following main committees: - COPOLCO - Consumer Protection Committee; - PEMKO - Reference Materials Committee; - CASCO - Conformity Assessment Committee. The structure of the ISO is quite flexible and subject to changes dictated by time. Thus, for a number of years, the Committee on Scientific and Technical Information worked within the framework of ISO. The task of this Committee was to build a unified ISO information system. Having successfully solved this problem, in April 2001 the Committee was abolished. The development of draft international standards is carried out by working groups of technical committees (TC). There are currently 224 technical committees in ISO. In 1979, within the framework of ISO, TK-176 "Quality Management and Quality Assurance" was created. The creation of this committee was dictated by the tough conditions of competition, which required enterprises to implement and maintain effective quality management systems. The first version of the ISO 9000 quality assurance standards was developed from British National Standards and published in 1987. It was a group of related standards dealing with general quality management. The following concept in 1994 was significantly expanded with recommendations for the implementation of quality systems in the organization. In December 2000, a new version of the standards was adopted. It provided for fundamentally different ways of building a quality management system in an enterprise: - ISO 9004: 200°C quality management systems. Recommendations for improving performance. The standard contains recommendations that address the effectiveness of the quality management system. The purpose of this standard is to improve the performance of the organization and customer satisfaction; - ISO 9001: 200 °C quality management system. Requirements. The standard defines the requirements for quality management systems for those cases when an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide products that meet customer requirements and the mandatory requirements established for it; - ISO 9000: 200°C quality management systems. Fundamentals and vocabulary. The standard describes the main provisions of quality management systems and establishes the terminology for quality management systems. 87. ISO 9000 SERIES Each specific unit of output must comply with the standards. Each stage of the production process should be aimed at ensuring that the release of defective products is minimal. In practice, it turns out that the production of products that meet common technical requirements is more efficient at some enterprises than at others. Despite the differences in technological processes and types of manufactured products, approaches to finding the causes of defective products are very universal. Production is processes, and it is the processes that should be managed. One of the effective methods of this approach to management is the use of ISO 9000 series standards in the activities of enterprises. The requirements contained in ISO 9000 standards are universal. They apply to all organizations providing goods or services, regardless of type, size or industry. Their main purpose is to provide overall quality management and requirements for the management of the organization. They are developed in such a way as to be compatible with other international standards and not interfere with the work of the organization by duplicating management functions. The degree of use of standards by enterprises of a given country largely depends on the volume of foreign economic relations. The scope of the 9000 series standards is very broad and includes: - organizations seeking to achieve benefits through the implementation of a quality management system; - organizations wishing to be sure that their product requirements will be met by suppliers; - product users; - Developers of relevant standards. The process model underlying the ISO 9000:2000 series can be characterized by the following features. 1. The need to measure the input and output indicators of any process, and therefore, the consideration of any operation or activity of an organization that receives input and output measurement estimates as a process. Of course, when implementing the new version of the standards, there will be a number of difficulties related to measurements, analysis and monitoring. One of them is the evaluation of the effectiveness of the applied measurements. The rule "before you collect data, you should think about what you intend to do with it" applies here. And also the first of the seven simple methods of quality management - stratification. Layers, and hence processes, should be distinguished in such a way that the differences within one stratum are minimal, and between layers, maximal. 2. Evaluation of customer satisfaction as an indispensable condition for assessing the quality of the entire system. Produced goods must correspond to the market. Therefore, the quality of products must also correspond to the market. It should not be too low or too high, but exactly what the buyer requires. The response to the degree of satisfaction of the end user and the flexible change of the entire production process, taking into account the results of the ongoing analysis, formed the basis for the concept of continuous improvement of the quality system. 88. CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF ISO 9000 ISO 9000 recommends building process management in two directions: 1) through the structure and operation of the process itself, within which there are product and information flows; 2) through the quality of products and information flowing inside the structure. ISO 9000 assumes that every organization exists to perform value-added work. Work is done through a network of processes. The structure of this network is quite complex, since most of the processes interact with each other. Any organization is multifunctional. The main functions of the organization include: - personnel training; - strategic and operational management; product design; - management of process implementation technology; - marketing; production of products; delivery of products; - management of labor resources; - strategic planning; - preparation of invoices and other financial documents; maintenance and repair; - other functions. The conceptual basis of ISO 9000 is that an organization creates, maintains and improves product quality through a network of processes that must be reviewed and continuously improved. To ensure proper management of processes, organization of interaction between processes in a network, ISO 9000 suggests that each process must have an "owner" - a person who is responsible for this process. This "owner" must provide an unambiguous understanding of all participants in the process of their responsibility and authority, must organize interaction in solving problems that involve several functional divisions of the enterprise. In general, ISO 9000 standards apply in the following four situations: 1) as a methodological material in the construction of a quality system at the enterprise; at the same time, the use of ISO 9000 standards will improve the competitiveness of the organization, the economic efficiency of its activities; 2) as proof of quality when concluding a contract between a supplier and a consumer; in this case, the consumer can stipulate in the contract that certain processes at the supplier enterprise and certain elements of the quality system that affect the quality of the products offered for delivery comply with ISO 9000 standards; 3) when assessing the quality system of the supplier enterprise by the consumer; in this case, the consumer evaluates the compliance of the system built by the supplier with a certain standard from the ISO 9000 family; in this case, the supplier can receive official recognition of compliance with a certain standard; 4) upon registration (or certification) of the product quality system by a registered certification body. At the same time, the supplier undertakes to maintain the compliance of the quality system with ISO 9000 standards for all consumers; this situation corresponds to module H of the EU Global Concept. As a rule, for the consumer this is sufficient evidence of the supplier's ability to quality, and the evaluation of the quality system by the consumer is no longer carried out. 89. STRUCTURE OF THE ISS 9000 SERIES The ISO 9000 series of standards is a package of quality assurance documents prepared by members of the international delegation "ISO/Technical Committee 176" (ISO/TC 176). The ISO 9000 series currently includes: — all international standards with ISO 9000-9004 numbers, including all parts of ISO 9000 and ISO 9004; - ISO 8402; - all international standards with numbers ISO 10001 - 10020, including all parts thereof. Three standards from the ISO 9000 series (ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003) are the foundation documents of a quality system. The ISO 9000 and ISO 9004 standards are nothing more than reference books. ISO 9000: General quality management and quality assurance standards. Part 1: Guidelines for selection and application. This guide has been created to assist potential users in deciding which quality assurance model is preferable given specific contractual relationships. Part 2: General guidelines for the application of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 This guide helps the user to understand the interpretation of the requirements of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003. Part 3: Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001 in the development, delivery and maintenance of software. Designed to assist in the interpretation of the requirements of the ISO 9001 standard for suppliers of intellectual products. Part 4: Guidance for managing a reliability program. ISO 9004: General quality management and elements of a quality system. This document provides the user with a set of guidelines with which a quality system can be developed, implemented and established, as it provides information and suggestions for the implementation of the Total Quality Management System, which is started after the installation and (possibly) certification of the quality system. Part 1: Guidelines. Part 2: Service Guidelines. Part 3: Guidelines for recycled materials. Part 4: Quality Improvement Guidelines. Part 5: Quality program guidelines. Part 6: Quality management in design management (draft standard). Part 7: Configuration management guidelines (draft standard). It follows from the foregoing that neither ISO 9000 nor ISO 9004 are quality assurance models and should not be considered mandatory requirements. Other supporting quality standards include the following. ISO 10011: Guidelines for testing a quality system. Part 1: Verification. Part 2: Qualification criteria for expert auditors in quality systems testing. Part 3: Management of the audit program. ISO 10012: Quality assurance requirements for measuring equipment - Part 1: System for validating the metrological suitability of measuring equipment. ISO 10013: Guidelines for the development of quality manuals. ISO 8402: Quality management and quality assurance - Vocabulary. 90. BAR CODING Bar coding is a method of automated data collection of various nature. With its help, you can quickly collect and transmit information to computers. The source of information in this case is a barcode. A code that is an alternation of strokes and spaces of different widths. Such strokes encoded either digital or alphabetic information. To decipher barcodes, a special device is used - a scanner. A beam from a light pencil or from a moving laser device is directed onto the strokes and, reflected from the lines, is transmitted to the reader. The reflected beam is converted into electrical signals of different strengths, which are then deciphered in the form of numbers and letters. Today, a network of enterprises has been created for the production of various equipment for bar coding. Hardware includes: - optical and laser readers; - personal computers; - electronic cash registers; - shop equipment. At the disposal of users and manufacturers of this equipment there is a fairly wide range of bar coding bar symbols. Here is some of them. UPC/EAN This digital code is widely used in the food industry. It is mainly used in retail and wholesale trade and is a complex code in terms of printing and reading. INTERLEAVED 2 of 5 This code is limited to digital information only. It is ideal for encoding a large amount of information in small areas, because by using lines to encode one digit, it encodes the next digit in between. Thus, the area required to house the code is cut in half. code 39 The most common industrial code, which can contain not only digital information, but also alphabetic. It has become the industry standard in many parts of the world. Using this code, 42 characteristics can be encoded. CODEBAR This code is highly secure. It is widely applied in the medical industry. This is also a digital code, but it also has several alphabetic variants. A number of other symbols are also available to users, such as code 128, code 93, code 460, code 469, ISBN, ISSN, etc. Bar codes are used in various areas of business life, especially widely in trade, industry, warehouse accounting, librarianship, etc. Use of barcodes in industry The effectiveness of a single information database lies in the words: What, Who, Where, How, When, Why. The "What" products go through a series of processes, and the "Who" manufacturers work in the "Where" locations, performing their tasks based on "How" instructions at specific times "When". If "Where", "What" and "When" are known, we can analyze "Why" to inform "Who" to make the best decision. The computer is an effective means of determining "why". Automatic identification is a type of technology that ensures the receipt of computer data at the time of their occurrence, ensuring the efficiency of information. When used in industry, this means the automatic identification of products at various stages: the receipt of raw materials, manufacture, packaging, shipment, and sale. Authors: Levkina E.V., Mikheeva S.V.
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