Логика. Полная индукция и ее роль в познании (самое важное)

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Логика. Полная индукция и ее роль в познании (самое важное)

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53. COMPLETE INDUCTION AND ITS ROLE IN COGNITION

Full induction - this is an inference in which, based on the membership of each element or each part of the class of a certain feature, a conclusion is drawn about its membership in the class as a whole.

Inductive reasoning of this kind applies only when dealing with closed classes, the number of elements in which is finite and easily observable. For example, the number of states in Europe, the number of industrial enterprises in a given region, the number of federal subjects in a given state, etc.

Let's imagine that the audit commission is tasked with checking the state of financial discipline in the branches of a particular banking association. It is known to have five separate branches. The usual way to check in such cases is to analyze the activities of each of the five banks. If it turns out that no financial violations were found in any of them, then a general conclusion can be made: all branches of the banking association observe financial discipline.

The scheme of inference of full induction has the following form:

1) S1 has a sign P;

S2 has a sign P;

................................

Sn has the sign R.

2) S1, S2.....Sn - constitute class K.

All objects of class K have the attribute R.

The information expressed in the premises of this inference about each element or each part of the class serves as an indicator of the completeness of the study and a sufficient basis for the logical transfer of the attribute to the entire class. Thus, the conclusion in the conclusion of complete induction is demonstrative. This means that if the premises are true, the conclusion will necessarily be true.

The cognitive role of the conclusion of complete induction is manifested in the formation of new knowledge about a class or kind of phenomena. The logical transfer of a feature from individual objects to the class as a whole is not a simple summation. Knowledge about a class or genus is a generalization, which is a new step in comparison with single premises.

In forensic research, demonstrative reasoning in the form of full induction with negative conclusions is often used. For example, an exhaustive enumeration of varieties excludes a certain method of committing a crime, the method of penetration of an attacker to the scene of a crime, the type of weapon with which the wound was inflicted, etc.

The applicability of complete induction in reasoning is determined by the practical enumerability of a set of phenomena. If it is impossible to cover the entire class of objects, then the generalization is built in the form of an incomplete induction.

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