Логика. Метод различия как метод научной индукции (самое важное)

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Логика. Метод различия как метод научной индукции (самое важное)

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59. THE METHOD OF DIFFERENCE AS A METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC INDUCTION

According to the difference method, two cases are compared, in one of which the phenomenon under study occurs, and in the other it does not occur; Moreover, the second case differs from the first only in one circumstance, and all others are similar.

The method of difference is called the method of finding the different in the similar, because the compared cases coincide with each other in many properties.

The method of difference is used both in the process of observing phenomena in natural conditions, and in the conditions of a laboratory or production experiment. In the history of chemistry, many substances were discovered by the difference method - reaction accelerators, which later became known as catalysts. In agricultural production, this method checks, for example, the effectiveness of fertilizers.

In biology and medicine, the difference method is used in the study of the effects on the body of various substances and drugs. For these purposes, control and experimental groups of plants, experimental animals or people are distinguished. Both groups are kept in the same conditions - A, B, C. Then a new circumstance is introduced into the experimental group - M. The subsequent comparison shows that the experimental group differs from the control group with a new result - d. Hence it is concluded that M seems to be the cause of d.

The scheme of reasoning according to the method of difference has the following form:

1) ABCM calls d;

2) ABC doesn't call d.

Apparently, M is the cause of d.

Reasoning by the method of difference also presupposes a number of premises.

1. General knowledge is required about the antecedents, each of which may be the cause of the phenomenon under study. In the above diagram, these are circumstances A, B, C, M, which make up a disjunctive set:

A ∨ B ∨ C ∨ M.

2. Circumstances that do not satisfy the condition of sufficiency for the action under study should be excluded from the members of the disjunction. In the above scheme, A, B and C are subject to elimination, since their presence in the second case does not cause d. The result of the exclusion is expressed in a negative proposition: "Neither A, nor B, nor C is the cause of d." Elimination in reasoning by the method of difference also forms a negative knowledge of what could not have caused the phenomenon under study.

3. Among the many possible causes, there remains the only circumstance that is considered as a real cause. In the above diagram, the only circumstance is M, which is the cause of A.

Reasoning according to the method of difference acquires demonstrative knowledge only if there is an exact and complete knowledge of the previous circumstances that make up a closed disjunctive set.

Since, under the conditions of empirical knowledge, it is difficult to lay claim to an exhaustive statement of all circumstances, conclusions by the method of difference in most cases give only problematic conclusions. According to the recognition of many researchers, the most plausible inductive conclusions are achieved by the method of difference.

>> Forward: The Method of Accompanying Changes as a Method of Scientific Induction

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