Logics. Types of definitions (most important)

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Logics. Types of definitions (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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15. TYPES OF DEFINITIONS

By function, which definitions carry out in the process of cognition, they are divided into nominal and real.

Nominal (from lat. nomen - name) is called a definition, through which a new name is introduced, it, as it were, expresses the requirement to call a certain object with this term. For example, "The term "legal" means pertaining to jurisprudence, legal". Such a definition can be characterized in terms of efficiency, expediency.

real a definition is called, revealing the essential features of an object, describing an object. For example, "evidence is proof of the guilt of the accused of a crime." Real definitions must correctly reflect the subject, they can be characterized in terms of truth.

According to the method of revealing the content of the concept definitions are divided into explicit and implicit.

Explicit definitions reveal the essential features of the subject, they establish a relationship of equality, equivalence between the defined and the defining.

The most common is the definition through the nearest genus and specific difference. For example, "theft is the secret theft of someone else's property." The concept of "theft" is brought under the closest generic concept - "theft of another's property", and then within the framework of this genus, a distinctive feature of theft from other types of theft is revealed: robbery, robbery, that this theft is secret. The structure of this type of definition is expressed by the following formula:

A \uXNUMXd Sun,

where A is the concept being defined; B - genus; c - species difference.

This type of definition has the following varieties:

a) genetic definition. It reveals the origin of the item. For example, "A custom is a rule of conduct that has developed as a result of its actual application for a long time";

b) essential definition (or definition of the quality of the subject). It reveals the essence of the object, its nature or quality. It is widely used in all sciences;

c) functional definition. It reveals the purpose of the subject, its role and functions. For example, "A thermometer is a device for measuring temperature";

d) structural definition (or compositional definition). It reveals the elements of the system, types of any kind or part of the whole. For example, "The political system is a combination of state and non-state, party and non-party organizations and institutions."

Definition through genus and specific difference has a limitation. It is not applicable to categories that do not have a genus, and to single concepts, since it is impossible to indicate a specific difference for them. Correlative definitions (definition through opposition) are used to define categories. For example, "Freedom is a recognized necessity."

For single concepts, one usually uses implicit definitions, which include descriptions, characteristics, comparisons, contextual, ostensive (using display), etc.

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