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5. THE LAW OF NON-CONTRADICTION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Logical thinking is characterized by consistency. Contradictions destroy thought, complicate the process of cognition. The requirement of consistency of thinking expresses the formal-logical law of non-contradiction: two propositions that are incompatible with each other cannot be true at the same time; at least one of them must be false.
This law is formulated as follows: it is not true that a and not-a (two thoughts cannot be true, one of which denies the other). It is expressed by the formula ⌉(p ∧ ⌉p) (it is not true that p and not-p are both true). By p is understood any statement, by ⌉p is the negation of the statement p, the sign ⌉ in front of the whole formula is the negation of two statements connected by the conjunction sign ∨.
The law of non-contradiction applies to all incompatible judgments.
There will be no contradiction between judgments if one of them affirms that the object belongs to one attribute, and the other denies that another attribute belongs to the same object, and if we are talking about different objects.
This law is called the law of contradiction. However, the name - the law of non-contradiction - more accurately expresses its real meaning.
There will be no contradiction if we affirm something and deny the same thing regarding one subject, but considered at different times and (or) in different circumstances.
One and the same object of our thought can be considered in different ways. So, about student K.
we can say that he knows the German language well, since his knowledge satisfies the requirements for entering the institute. However, this knowledge is not enough to work as a translator. In this case we have the right to say: "K. knows German poorly." In two judgments, K.'s knowledge of the German language is considered from the point of view of different requirements, therefore, these judgments also do not contradict each other.
The law of non-contradiction expresses one of the fundamental properties of logical thinking - consistency, consistency of thinking.
One of the main requirements for a version in a forensic study is that, when analyzing the totality of factual data on the basis of which it is built, these data do not contradict each other and the version put forward as a whole. The presence of contradictions should attract the most serious attention of the investigator. But there are cases when the investigator, having put forward a version that he considers plausible, does not take into account the facts that contradict this version.
During the trial, the prosecutor and the defender, the plaintiff and the defendant put forward positions that contradict each other, defending their arguments and challenging the arguments of the opposite side. It is necessary to carefully analyze all the circumstances of the case so that the final decision of the court is based on reliable and consistent facts.
Among the circumstances under which the verdict is recognized as inappropriate to the actual circumstances of the case, criminal procedural law includes significant contradictions contained in the conclusions of the court set out in the verdict.
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