Логика. Отношения между понятиями (самое важное)

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Логика. Отношения между понятиями (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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13. RELATIONS BETWEEN CONCEPTS

According to the content, there can be only two types of relations between concepts - comparability and incomparability. Concepts that are far from each other in their content and do not have common features are called incomparable (romance and brick). There is no logical relationship between them.

Comparable concepts - these are concepts that have in their content common, essential features (by which they are compared). For example, law and morality. Relationships between concepts are depicted using schemes - Euler circles. Between comparable concepts, two types of relations are possible in terms of volume: compatibility and incompatibility.

Compatible concepts - these are those whose volumes completely or partially coincide. The following relations are formed between compatible concepts:

1 - equal volume. Concepts that differ in their content, but whose volumes are the same, are called equivolume or equivalent. For example, “L.N. Tolstoy” - A and “author of the novel “War and Peace” - V. The volumes of identical concepts are depicted by circles that completely coincide.

2 - crossing. Concepts whose scopes partially coincide are called intersecting, for example. "student" and "athlete", "lawyer" and "writer". They are depicted as intersecting circles. In the intersecting part of the two circles, students are thought of as athletes. On the left side of the circle we think of students who are not athletes, and on the right side we think of athletes who are not students.

3 - submission. In relation to subordination (subordination), concepts are found if the scope of one is completely included in the scope of the other, but does not exhaust it. This is the relationship of species - B and genus - A (mammal and cat).

Incompatible concepts are called, the volumes of which do not coincide. Incompatible concepts can be among themselves in the following relations.

1 - subordination. In relation to subordination (coordination) there are concepts whose scopes are mutually exclusive, but belong to some more general generic concept. For example, “spruce” - B, “birch” - C belong to the scope of the concept “tree” - A. They are depicted as non-intersecting circles inside a common circle. These are species of the same genus.

2 - opposite. In relation to the opposite (contrary) there are two concepts, the signs of which contradict each other, and the sum of their volumes does not exhaust the generic concept (bravery - cowardice).

3 - contradiction. In relation to contradiction (contradictoryity), there are two concepts that are species of the same genus, and at the same time, one concept indicates some signs, and the other denies these signs, excludes them, without replacing them with any others (for example, A - white paint , then the concept that is in a relationship of contradiction with it should be designated non-A (not white paint).The Euler circle in this case is divided in half and there is no third concept between them.

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