Логика. Способы доказательства гипотез (самое важное)

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Логика. Способы доказательства гипотез (самое важное)

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72. WAYS OF PROOFING HYPOTHESES

The main methods of proving hypotheses are: deductive justification of the assumption expressed in the hypothesis; direct detection of objects assumed in the hypothesis; logical proof of the hypothesis.

Direct detection of the desired items. Particular hypotheses in science and versions in forensic research often aim to identify the fact of the existence of specific objects and phenomena at a certain time and in a certain place, or answer the question about the properties and qualities of such objects. The most convincing way to transform such an assumption into reliable knowledge is the direct discovery at the assumed time or in the assumed place of the sought-after objects or the direct perception of the assumed properties.

For example, when investigating criminal cases of theft, an important task is the discovery of stolen valuables. These values are usually hidden or realized by criminals. In this regard, there are private versions about the whereabouts of such things and values.

Versions proven by direct discovery of the alleged cause are always private. With their help, as a rule, only individual factual circumstances of the case, particular aspects of the crime event are established.

Logical proof of versions. Versions that explain the essential circumstances of the cases under investigation are transformed into reliable knowledge through logical justification. It proceeds in an indirect way, because events that took place in the past or phenomena that exist at the present time, but are inaccessible to direct perception, are cognized. This is how they prove, for example, versions about the method of committing a crime, about guilt, about the motives for committing a crime, the objective circumstances under which the act was committed, etc.

The logical proof of a hypothesis, depending on the method of justification, can proceed in the form of indirect or direct proof.

Indirect proof proceeds by refuting and excluding all false versions, on the basis of which they assert the reliability of the only remaining assumption.

The conclusion in this conclusion can be regarded as reliable if, firstly, an exhaustive series of versions is built to explain the event under study, and, secondly, all false assumptions are refuted in the process of checking versions. The version pointing to the remaining reason will be the only one in this case, and the knowledge expressed in it will no longer act as problematic, but as reliable.

Direct proof of a hypothesis proceeds by deriving various consequences from the assumption, but arising only from this hypothesis, and confirming them with newly discovered facts.

In the absence of indirect proof, a simple coincidence of facts with those consequences that are derived from the version cannot be regarded as a sufficient basis for the truth of the version, because the coinciding facts could also be caused by another reason.

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