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38. DIRECT DEDUCTIVE INCLUSION: APPEAL
A transformation of a proposition, as a result of which the subject of the original proposition becomes a predicate, and the predicate - the subject of imprisonment is called treatment.
The appeal obeys the rule: a term that is not distributed in the premise cannot be distributed in the conclusion.
Distinguish between simple (pure) handling and handling with restriction.
Simple, or pure, is called circulation without changing the amount of judgment. This is how judgments are addressed, both terms of which are distributed or both of which are not distributed. If the predicate of the initial judgment is not distributed, then it will not be distributed in the conclusion, where it becomes the subject. Therefore, its volume is limited. This type of reversal is called a constraint reversal.
General affirmative judgment (BUT) applies to a private 🇧🇷, i.e., with a constraint. For example: "All the students of our group (S) passed the exams (P). Therefore, some of the students who passed the exams (P) are students of our group (S)." In the original proposition, the predicate is not distributed, therefore, becoming the subject of the conclusion, it is also not distributed. Its scope is limited ("some passers").
All S are R.
Some P are S.
General affirmative highlighting judgments (the predicate is distributed in them) are addressed without restriction according to the scheme:
All S, and only S, are P. All P are S.
A general negative judgment (E) turns into a general negative (E), i.e. without limitation. For example: “Not a single student in our group (S) is a failure (P). Therefore, not a single student (P) is a student in our group (S).”
No S is P. No P is S.
Private affirmative judgment (I) turns into a private affirmative (I). This is a simple (pure) appeal. A predicate that is not distributed in the initial judgment is also not distributed in the conclusion. The amount of judgment does not change. For example: “Some students in our group (S) are excellent students (P). Therefore, some excellent students (P) are students in our group (S).
Some S are R.
Some P are S.
A particular affirmative distinguishing proposition (the predicate is distributed) turns into a general affirmative. For example: “Some socially dangerous acts (S) are crimes against justice (P). Consequently, all crimes against justice (P) are socially dangerous acts (S).”
Some S, and only S, are P.
All P are S.
Particularly negative judgments do not apply.
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