Logics. Types of analogy. Validity of conclusions based on analogy of relations. Strict and non-strict analogy (the most important)

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Logics. Types of analogy. Validity of conclusions based on analogy of relations. Strict and non-strict analogy (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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64. TYPES OF ANALOGY. SUBSTANTIATION OF CONCLUSIONS BY ANALOGY OF RELATIONSHIPS. Strict and non-strict analogy

Validity of conclusions by analogy of relations depends on the following conditions:

1. The conclusion will be valid only if a real similarity is revealed and recorded, which should not be approximate, not accidental, but strictly defined and specific similarity in essential features. The absence of such a similarity renders the inference by analogy untenable.

2. Taking into account the differences between like objects is the second important condition for the consistency of conclusions by analogy. In nature, there are no absolutely similar phenomena: the highest degree of similarity always implies differences. This means that in any case of assimilation, there are also differences between the compared objects. Differences can be insignificant, i.e., compatible with the transferred attribute, and significant, i.e., preventing the transfer of the attribute from one object to another.

3. The degree of validity of conclusions by analogy depends on the quality of the connection between similar and transferred features. Distinguish between strict and non-strict analogy.

Strict analogy. Its distinctive feature - necessary connection of the transferred characteristic with similarity characteristics.

A non-strict analogy is such an assimilation in which the relationship between similar and transferred features is thought of as necessary only with a greater or lesser degree of probability. In this case, having found signs of similarity in another object, it is possible only in a logically weakened, i.e. problematic, form to conclude that the transferred attribute belongs to it.

A loose analogy is often found in socio-historical research, because here it is extremely difficult to establish a connection between phenomena that would strictly indicate all the ensuing consequences.

Conditions that increase the likelihood of conclusions in a non-strict analogy are:

1) the similarity of the objects being compared in a significant number of essential features - the more significant similarities, the more thorough the conclusion by analogy;

2) the absence of significant differences between the objects being compared;

3) the degree of probability of knowledge of the relationship between similar and transferable characteristics.

In cases where an insufficient number of similar features are found in the compared objects, or when the relationship between similar and transferred features is established in a weak form, the conclusion by analogy, due to insufficient validity, can only give an unlikely conclusion. If this does not take into account the signs of difference, then such an analogy cannot be regarded otherwise than as superficial. The true conclusion in such a conclusion can only be accidental.

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