Логика. Простой категорический силлогизм, его структура и аксиома (самое важное)

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Логика. Простой категорический силлогизм, его структура и аксиома (самое важное)

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42. SIMPLE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM, ITS STRUCTURE AND AXIOM

A simple categorical syllogism consists of three categorical propositions, two of which are premises and the third is a conclusion. For example,

"The accused has the right to defense.

Gusev - accused.

Gusev has the right to protection."

Let us divide the judgments that make up the syllogism into concepts. There are three of these concepts, and each of them is part of two judgments: "Accused" - in the 1st (premise) as a subject and in the 2nd (premise) as a predicate; "has the right to protection" - in the 1st (premise) and in the 3rd (conclusion) as their predicates; "Gusev" - in the 2nd (premise) and in the 3rd (conclusion) as their subjects.

The concepts included in a syllogism are called syllogism terms. There are lesser, greater and middle terms.

The minor term of a syllogism is a concept that is the subject of the conclusion. (in our example, the concept of "Gusev").

The big term of a syllogism is a concept that in the conclusion is a predicate ("entitled to protection").

The smaller and larger terms are called extreme and are denoted respectively by the Latin letters S (smaller term) and P (larger term).

Each of the extreme terms is included not only in the conclusion, but also in one of the premises.

A premise that contains a minor term is called a minor premise, a premise that contains a larger term is called a major premise..

In our example, the first premise (1) will be the larger premise, and the second proposition (2) will be the smaller premise.

The middle term of a syllogism is a concept that is included in both premises and is absent in the conclusion. (in our example - "accused"). The middle term is denoted by the Latin letter M.

The accused (M) has the right to defense (P).

Gusev (S) - accused (M).

Gusev (S) is entitled to defense (P).

So, simple categorical syllogism - is an inference about the relationship of two extreme terms based on their relationship to the middle term.

Axiom of the syllogism substantiates the legitimacy of the conclusion, i.e., the logical transition from premises to conclusion: everything that is affirmed or denied regarding all objects of a certain class is affirmed or denied regarding each object and any part of the objects of this class.

In this example, everything that is asserted in relation to all the accused is also affirmed in relation to a specific accused.

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