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54. INCOMPLETE INDUCTION AND ITS TYPES
Incomplete induction - this is an inference in which, based on the attribute belonging to some elements or parts of a class, a conclusion is made about its belonging to the class as a whole.
1) S1 has a sign P;
S2 has a sign P;
................................
Sn has the sign R.
2) S1, S2.....Sn belong to class K.
Class K, apparently, is characterized by the characteristic R.
The incompleteness of the inductive generalization is expressed in the fact that not all, but only some elements or parts of the class are investigated - from S1 to Sn. The logical transition in incomplete induction from some to all elements or parts of a class is not arbitrary. It is justified by empirical grounds - an objective relationship between the universal character of signs and their stable repetition in experience for a certain kind of phenomena. Hence the widespread use of incomplete induction in practice. So, for example, during harvesting, we conclude about the weediness, moisture content and other characteristics of a large batch of grain on the basis of individual samples. In production conditions, according to selective samples, they conclude about the quality of a particular mass product.
The inductive transition from some to all cannot claim to be a logical necessity, since the recurrence of a feature may be the result of a simple coincidence.
Thus, incomplete induction is characterized by a weakened logical consequence - true premises provide not a reliable, but only a problematic conclusion. At the same time, the discovery of at least one case that contradicts the generalization makes the inductive conclusion untenable.
On this basis, incomplete induction is referred to as plausible (non-demonstrative) inferences. In such conclusions, the conclusion follows from the true premises with a certain degree of probability, which can range from unlikely to very plausible.
A significant influence on the nature of logical consequence in the conclusions of incomplete induction is exerted by the method of selecting the source material, which manifests itself in the methodical or systematic formation of the premises of inductive reasoning. According to the method of selection, two types of incomplete induction are distinguished: by enumeration, which is called popular induction, and by selection, which is called scientific induction.
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