Logics. Logical characteristics of answers (the most important)

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Logics. Logical characteristics of answers (the most important)

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35. LOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANSWERS

Response - a new judgment that clarifies or supplements the initial knowledge in accordance with the question posed. Finding an answer involves turning to a specific area of theoretical or empirical knowledge, which is called the area of search for answers. The knowledge obtained in the answer, expanding or clarifying the initial information, can serve as the basis for raising new, deeper questions about the subject of research.

Among the answers are distinguished: true and false; direct and indirect; short and extended; complete and incomplete; exact (definite) and inexact (indefinite).

1. True and false answers differ in relation to reality.

2. Direct and indirect differ in the scope of the search.

A direct answer is an answer taken directly from the area of search for answers, the construction of which does not involve additional information and reasoning.. For example, a direct answer to the question “In what year did the Russo-Japanese War end?” there will be a judgment: “The Russo-Japanese War ended in 1904.” A direct answer to the question "Is a whale a fish?" there will be a judgment: “No, the whale is not a fish.”

An answer is called indirect, which is received from a wider area than the area of search for the answer, and from which the necessary information can be obtained only by inference. So, for the question “In what year did the Russo-Japanese War end?” the following answer will be indirect: “The Russo-Japanese War ended one year before the First Russian Revolution.” To the question "Is a whale a fish?" the indirect answer would be: “The whale is a mammal.”

3. Short and long answers differ in grammatical form.

Brief ones are monosyllabic affirmative or negative answers: “yes” or “no”.

Expanded answers are answers, each of which repeats all the elements of the question.. For example, to the question “Was J. Kennedy a Catholic?” affirmative answers can be received: short - “Yes”; expanded - “Yes, J. Kennedy was a Catholic.” Negative answers will be as follows: short - “No”; expanded - “No, J. Kennedy was not a Catholic.”

4. Complete and incomplete responses differ in the amount of information provided in the response..

5. Accurate (definite) and inaccurate (vague) answers differ in their correspondence to the characteristics of the question. Inaccurate answers are expressed in the ambiguous use of concepts and question words.

Ambiguous terms are often used in catchy or "provocative" questions that contain hidden information.

Uncertainty in the answers may be the result of the ambiguity of the concepts used in the formulation of the question.

The accuracy of the answer to the what-question depends on the degree of certainty of the question words: who? What? When? How? etc., which in themselves, without taking into account the situation and context, are not distinguished by sufficient certainty.

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The past part of the winter was very poor in snow and frost both in Europe and in the USA. The reason for this is the unusual behavior of high-altitude jet streams, according to American meteorologists.

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