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77. BASIC RULES OF LOGICAL EVIDENCE AND ERRORS POSSIBLE IN THEIR VIOLATION. RULES AND ERRORS RELATED TO THE THESIS
Logical reasoning presupposes the observance of two rules in relation to the thesis: the certainty of the thesis and the immutability of the thesis.
Certainty of the thesis
The rule of certainty means that the thesis must be formulated clearly and clearly. The requirement for certainty, a clear identification of the meaning of the propositions put forward, applies equally to both the presentation of one’s own thesis and the presentation of the criticized position - the antithesis. In ancient Indian philosophy, there was a reasonable rule: if you are going to criticize someone’s position, then you should repeat the thesis being criticized and obtain the consent of the opponent present that his thought was presented correctly. Only after this can a critical analysis begin. The thought of an absent opponent can be accurately expressed with the help of a quotation. Following this rule makes criticism objective, accurate and unbiased.
A clear definition of the thesis involves the following steps: identifying the meaning of the terms used; analysis of the judgment, in the form of which the thesis is presented: identification of the subject and predicate of the judgment, the quality of the judgment (contains an assertion in it or something is denied); clarification of the quantitative characteristics of the judgment.
The thesis can be represented by a quantitatively indefinite statement. For example, "People are selfish" or "People are arrogant." In this case, it is not clear whether all or some people are referred to in the statement. This kind of theses is difficult to defend and no less difficult to refute precisely because of their logical uncertainty.
Of great importance is the question of the modality of the thesis: is this judgment reliable or problematic; possible or actual; the thesis claims to be logical or factual truth, etc.
If the thesis is presented as a complex proposition, additional analysis of logical connectives is required.
The immutability of the thesis
The rule of immutability of the thesis prohibits modifying or deviating from the originally formulated position in the process of this reasoning. Failure to follow these rules leads to errors.
Thesis loss. This error manifests itself in the fact that, having formulated the thesis, they forget it and move on to another, directly or indirectly related to the first, but in principle a different position.
Thesis change. Substitution of the thesis can be complete or partial.
A complete substitution of the thesis often occurs as a result of delusion or slovenliness in reasoning, when the speaker does not first clearly and definitely formulate his main idea, but corrects and clarifies it throughout the speech.
Partial substitution of the thesis is expressed in the fact that during the speech they try to modify their own thesis, narrowing or softening the initially too general, exaggerated or overly harsh statement.
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