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51. abbreviated syllogism (entimeme)
A syllogism with a missing premise or conclusion is called an abbreviated syllogism or enthymeme. (from Greek - in the mind).
The enthymemes of a simple categorical syllogism are widely used, especially inferences from the first figure. For example: "N. committed a crime and therefore is subject to criminal liability." A big premise is missing here: "A person who has committed a crime is subject to criminal liability." It is a public position.
A complete syllogism is built on the 1st figure:
The person who committed the crime (M) is subject to criminal liability (P).
N. (S) committed a crime (M).
H. (S) is subject to criminal liability (P).
Not only a larger, but also a smaller premise can be missed, as well as the conclusion: "The person who committed the crime is subject to criminal liability, which means that N. is subject to criminal liability." Or: "The person who committed the crime is subject to criminal liability, and N. committed the crime." The omitted parts of the syllogism are implied.
Depending on which part of the syllogism is missing, there are three types of enthymeme: with a missing major premise, with a missing minor premise, and with a missing conclusion.
An inference in the form of an enthymeme can also be constructed according to the 2nd figure; according to the 3rd figure, it is rarely built.
The form of an enthymeme is also taken by inferences, the premises of which are conditional and disjunctive judgments.
A conditionally categorical syllogism with a missing major premise: "A criminal case cannot be initiated, since the event of the crime did not take place." A big premise is missing here - the conditional proposition "If the event of the crime did not take place, then a criminal case cannot be initiated." It contains a well-known provision of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which is implied.
Separating-categorical syllogism with the omitted major premise: "In this case, an acquittal cannot be passed, it must be guilty."
The big premise - the divisive judgment "In this case, either an acquittal or a guilty verdict can be passed" is not formulated.
Dividing-categorical syllogism with an omitted conclusion: "Death occurred either as a result of murder, or as a result of suicide, or as a result of an accident, or due to natural causes. Death occurred as a result of an accident."
A conclusion that denies all other alternatives is usually not formulated.
The use of abbreviated syllogisms is due to the fact that the missing premise or conclusion either contains a well-known provision that does not need oral or written expression, or it is easily implied in the context of the expressed parts of the conclusion. That is why reasoning proceeds, as a rule, in the form of enthymemes. But since not all parts of the conclusion are expressed in the enthymeme, the error lurking in it is more difficult to detect than in the full conclusion. Therefore, to check the correctness of the reasoning, it is necessary to find the missing parts of the conclusion and restore the enthymeme to a complete syllogism.
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