Logics. Direct deductive inference: versus predicate (most important)

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Logics. Direct deductive inference: versus predicate (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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39. DIRECT DEDUCTIVE INCLUSION: OPPOSITION TO A PREDICT

Transformation of a judgment, as a result of which the subject becomes a concept that contradicts the predicate, and the predicate - the subject of the original judgment is called opposition to the predicate.

The opposition to the predicate can be regarded as the result of transformation and conversion: by transforming the original proposition S-P, we establish the relation of S to non-P; the proposition obtained by transformation is reversed, and as a result the relation of non-P to S is established.

The conclusion obtained by opposing the predicate depends on the quantity and quality of the original judgment.

A generally affirmative judgment (A) is transformed into a generally negative one (E). For example: “All lawyers have a legal education. Therefore, no one who does not have a legal education is a lawyer.”

All S are R.

No non-P is S.

A general negative judgment (E) is transformed into a particular affirmative one (I). For example: “Not a single industrial enterprise in our city is unprofitable. Consequently, some unprofitable enterprises are industrial enterprises in our city.”

No S is R.

Some non-Ps are S.

The particular affirmative judgment (I) is not transformed by opposition to the predicate.

A partial negative judgment (O) is transformed into a partial affirmative one (I). Eg: "Some witnesses are not adults. Therefore, some minors are witnesses."

Some S's are not R's.

Some non-Ps are S.

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