Logics. Modality of judgments. Epistemic modality (most important)

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Logics. Modality of judgments. Epistemic modality (most important)

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31. MODALITY OF JUDGMENTS. EPISTEMIC MODALITY

Judgment as a form of thinking contains two kinds of information - basic and additional. Basic information finds explicit expression in the subject and predicate of the judgment, in the logical connective and quantifiers. Additional information refers to the characteristics of the logical or actual status of the judgment, to its evaluative and other characteristics. Such information is called modality of judgment. It may be expressed in separate words, or it may not have an explicit expression. In this case, it is revealed by analyzing the context.

Modality - this is additional information explicitly or implicitly expressed in a judgment about the degree of its validity, logical or factual status, about its regulatory, evaluative and other characteristics.

epistemic (from the Greek episteme - the highest type of reliable knowledge) modality - this is information expressed in a judgment about the grounds for its acceptance and the degree of validity. These foundations include faith and knowledge.

According to the epistemic status, faith is a spontaneous, uncritical acceptance of other people's opinions, true or false, progressive or reactionary.

Knowledge as a logical justification is the acceptance of a judgment as true or false due to its validity by other judgments, from which the accepted judgment logically follows as a consequence.

According to the degree of validity among knowledge, two non-overlapping classes of judgments are distinguished: reliable and problematic.

1. Reliable judgments are sufficiently justified true or false judgments.

Their truth or falsity is established either by direct verification, or indirectly, when the judgment is confirmed by empirical or theoretical positions.

Reliability refers to such a modal characteristic of judgment, which, like the concepts of truth and falsehood, does not change in degrees. Two statements cannot be said to be "more certain" than the other. In the case of sufficient validity of the judgment, it is considered proven, thereby reliable, that is, true or false without change in degrees.

2. Problematic judgments are judgments that cannot be considered reliable due to their lack of validity. Since the truth or falsity of such judgments has not been precisely established, they only pretend to be so. Hence their names: problematic, plausible or probable.

In natural language, introductory words usually serve as indicators of the problematicness of a judgment: apparently, probably, it seems, perhaps, one can assume, etc.

In a forensic study, in the form of problematic judgments, versions (hypotheses) are built about the circumstances of the cases under investigation. Being justified, plausible judgments direct the investigation in the right direction and contribute to the establishment of reliable results in each case.

The validity of problematic judgments can be represented in terms of probability theory.

The logical probability of a judgment in this case means the degree of its validity.

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