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68. CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESES BY COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
Hypotheses differ in their cognitive functions and in the object of study.
Functions in the cognitive process There are hypotheses: descriptive and explanatory.
Descriptive hypothesis - this is an assumption about the inherent properties of the object under study. It usually answers the question: “What is this object?” or “What properties does this item have?”
Descriptive hypotheses can be put forward in order to identify the composition or structure of an object, reveal the mechanism or procedural features of its activity, and determine the functional characteristics of an object.
Thus, for example, the hypothesis about the wave propagation of light that arose in the theory of physics was a hypothesis about the mechanism of light motion. The chemist's assumption about the components and atomic chains of the new polymer refers to hypotheses about the composition and structure. The hypothesis of a political scientist or lawyer, predicting the immediate or distant social effect of the adopted new package of laws, refers to functional assumptions.
A special place among descriptive hypotheses is occupied by hypotheses about the existence of an object, which are called existential hypotheses. An example of such a hypothesis is the assumption that the continent of the western (America) and eastern (Europe and Africa) hemispheres once co-existed. The same will be the hypothesis of the existence of Atlantis.
An explanatory hypothesis is an assumption about the reasons for the emergence of the object of research. Such hypotheses usually ask: "Why did this event happen?" or “What are the reasons for the appearance of this item?”.
Examples of such assumptions: the hypothesis of the Tunguska meteorite; the hypothesis of the appearance of ice ages on Earth; assumptions about the causes of extinction of animals in various geological epochs; hypotheses about the motives and motives for committing a specific crime by the accused, etc.
The history of science shows that in the process of knowledge development, existential hypotheses first arise, clarifying the fact of the existence of specific objects. Then there are descriptive hypotheses that clarify the properties of these objects. The last step is the construction of explanatory hypotheses that reveal the mechanism and causes of the emergence of the objects under study.
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