Логика. Условно-категорическое умозаключение (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Логика. Условно-категорическое умозаключение (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

48. CONDITIONAL-CATEGORICAL CONCLUSION

Conditionally categorical is a conclusion in which one of the premises - conditional, and another premise and conclusion - categorical judgments.

This inference has two correct modes: affirmative and negative.

1. In affirmative mode (modus ponens) the premise, expressed by a categorical judgment, asserts the truth of the basis of the conditional premise, and the conclusion asserts the truth of the consequence; reasoning is directed from the assertion of the truth of the foundation to the assertion of the truth of the consequence. For example:

If the claim is brought by an incompetent person (p), then the court leaves the claim without consideration (q).

Claim brought by incompetent person (R). The court leaves the claim without consideration (q).

The first premise is a conditional proposition expressing the connection between the base (p) and the consequence (q). The second premise is a categorical judgment, which affirms the truth of the ground (p): the claim was brought by an incompetent person. Recognizing the truth of the ground (p), we recognize the truth of the consequence (q): the court leaves the claim without consideration.

The affirmative mode gives reliable conclusions. It has a schema:

2. In negating mode (modus tollens) the premise expressed by the categorical proposition denies

the truth of the consequence of the conditional premise, and the conclusion denies the truth of the foundation. Reasoning is directed from the denial of the truth of the consequence to the denial of the truth of the foundation. For example: If a claim is brought by an incapacitated person (p), then the court leaves the claim without consideration (q). The court did not leave the claim without consideration (⌉ q). It is not true that the suit was brought by an incompetent person (⌉p). Diagram of the negating mode:

It is easy to establish that two more varieties of conditionally categorical syllogism are possible: from the denial of the truth of the foundation to the denial of the truth of the consequence, and from the affirmation of the truth of the consequence to the affirmation of the truth of the foundation.

However, the conclusion on these modes will not be reliable. Thus, out of the four modes of conditionally categorical reasoning, which exhaust all possible combinations of premises, only two give reliable conclusions: affirming and denying. They express the laws of logic and are called the correct modes of a conditionally categorical inference. These mods obey the rule: the affirmation of the basis leads to the statement of the consequence and the negation of the consequence leads to the negation of the basis. The other two modes do not provide reliable conclusions. They are called irregular modes and obey the rule: negation of the reason does not necessarily lead to the negation of the consequence, and affirmation of the consequence does not necessarily lead to the affirmation of the reason.

<< Back: Purely conditional inference

>> Forward: Dividing-Category Inference

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ General hygiene. Crib

▪ pathological physiology. Crib

▪ Eye diseases. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Segway Ninebot RC Scooter 08.02.2021

The American electric scooter rental company Spin operates in various cities in the United States and provides scooter rentals that you can leave at your destination.

In San Francisco, California, where Spin has the largest fleet of scooters, the San Francisco Department of Transportation requires operators to respond to improperly parked scooters within two hours and can fine the operator $100 for each such scooter. This is to prevent scooters from parking on the pavement where they interfere with the movement of pedestrians and people with disabilities.

Spin said it takes this very seriously. The average parking time for her scooters over the past three months is 54 minutes. Spin plans to return them to the base in the future without involving employees. To achieve this goal, Spin has announced an alliance with Tortoise to launch a new type of scooter called the Spin S-200.

This remote control scooter will hit cities in North America and Europe in 2021. It, developed by Segway Ninebot, will become part of the Spin Valet platform. Initially, such scooters will appear in Boise, Idaho.

In the spring, Spin plans to hit the streets with 300 Spin S-200 scooters with remote control, front and rear cameras and GPS. Operators from Tortoise will be able to safely move the vehicle at speeds up to 5 km/h.

These scooters will be equipped with replaceable batteries. The company said that over time, users will be able to call the electric scooter to their destination.

Other interesting news:

▪ Growing potatoes on Mars

▪ Leisure time has a detrimental effect on a person

▪ Opioid pain reliever without side effects

▪ World's tallest wind farm built

▪ A drug to stimulate the growth of new teeth

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Protection of electrical equipment. Article selection

▪ article Burn people's hearts with the verb. Popular expression

▪ article Where did the standard of soil fertility stored in Paris come from? Detailed answer

▪ article Noon crystal. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Voltmeter with a linear scale. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Microphone preamplifier. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews