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61. THE METHOD OF REMAINS AS A METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC INDUCTION
The application of the method is associated with identifying the cause that causes a certain part of a complex action, provided that the causes that cause other parts of this action have already been identified.
The scheme of reasoning by the method of residuals has the following form:
1. ABC calls xyz.
2. A calls x.
3. B calls y. C calls z.
In the practice of scientific and ordinary reasoning, a modified conclusion by the method of residuals is often encountered, when, according to a known action, one concludes the existence of a new cause in relation to an already known one. For example, Maria Sklodowska-Curie, having established that some uranium ores emit radioactive rays exceeding the intensity of uranium radiation, came to the conclusion that these compounds contain some new substances. So new radioactive elements were discovered: polonium and radium.
Like other inductive inferences, the method of residuals generally yields problematic knowledge. The degree of probability of the conclusion in such a conclusion is determined, firstly, by the accuracy of knowledge about the previous circumstances, among which the cause of the phenomenon under study is being searched, and secondly, by the accuracy of knowledge about the degree of influence of each of the known causes on the overall result. An approximate and inaccurate list of antecedent circumstances, as well as an inaccurate idea of the influence of each of the known causes on the cumulative effect, can lead to the fact that in the conclusion of the conclusion, not a necessary, but only a concomitant circumstance will be presented as an unknown cause.
Residual reasoning is often used in the process of investigating crimes, mainly in cases where it is established that the causes are clearly disproportionate to the actions under investigation. If the action in its volume, scale or intensity does not correspond to a known reason, then the question is raised about the existence of some other circumstances.
For example, in a criminal case on the theft of goods from a warehouse, the accused admitted the fact of theft and testified that he alone took the stolen item out of the warehouse. The inspection carried out found that it was beyond the power of one person to carry such a heavy thing. The investigator came to the conclusion about the participation in the theft of other persons, in connection with which the qualification of the act also changed.
The considered methods of establishing causal relationships in their logical structure belong to complex reasoning, in which proper inductive generalizations are built with the participation of deductive conclusions. Based on the properties of a causal connection, deduction acts as a logical means of eliminating (excluding) random circumstances, thereby logically correcting and directing inductive generalization.
The relationship of induction and deduction ensures the logical consistency of reasoning when applying methods, and the accuracy of the knowledge expressed in the premises determines the degree of validity of the conclusions obtained.
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