Logics. The main historical stages in the development of logic (the most important)

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Logics. The main historical stages in the development of logic (the most important)

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2. MAIN HISTORICAL STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGIC

With the development of labor material and production activity of people, their mental abilities improved, and this led to the fact that thinking itself, its forms and laws, became the object of research.

Separate logical problems arose in the XNUMXst millennium BC. e. first in ancient India and China, and then in ancient Greece and Rome. Gradually, they are formed into a coherent system of knowledge, into an independent science.

The main reasons for the emergence of logic are the development of sciences and oratory. Science is based on theoretical thinking, involving inferences and evidence. Hence the need to study thinking itself as a form of cognition. Oratory manifested itself primarily in numerous court hearings as a mind-blowing power of persuasion, literally forcing listeners to incline to one opinion or another. Logic arises as an attempt to solve the mystery of this coercive power of speech.

In ancient Greece, logic was developed by Parmenides, Zeno, Democritus, Socrates, Plato. However, the founder of the science of logic is considered to be the greatest thinker of antiquity, a student of Plato - Aristotle (384-322 BC). He called his creation analytics, the term "logic" entered into scientific circulation later, in the III century. BC e.

After Aristotle in ancient Greece, logic was developed by the Stoics. Ancient Roman politicians Cicero and Quintilian, Arabic-speaking scientists - Al Farabi, Ibn Rushd, European medieval scholastics - U Ockham, P. Abelard.

In the era of modern times, the philosopher F. Bacon (15611626) published his study under the title "New Organon", it contained the foundations of inductive methods, improved later by D.S. Mill (1808-1873) and known as methods for establishing causal relationships between phenomena (Bacon-Mill methods).

In 1662 the textbook "Logic of Port-Royal" was published. Its authors P. Nicole and A. Arno created a logical doctrine based on the methodological principles of R. Descartes (1596-1650).

Logic, created on the basis of the teachings of Aristotle, existed until the beginning of the twentieth century. In the 1646th century Symbolic (mathematical) logic is actively developing, based on the idea of the German scientist and philosopher Leibniz (1716-1) about the possibility of reducing reasoning to calculations. This logic began to take shape in the middle of the 3th century. Its development is associated with the names of J. Boole, A.M. De Morgan, C. Pierce, G. Frege, Russian thinkers P.S. Poretsky and E.L. Bunitsky and others. The first major work on symbolic logic was the work of B. Russell and A. Whitehead “Principia Mathematika” in 1910 volumes, published in 1913-XNUMX. This work sparked a revolution in logic.

The ideas of dialectical logic go back to ancient and ancient Eastern philosophy, but only representatives of German classical philosophy gave them a finished form: Kant (1724-1804), Fichte (1762-1814), Schelling (1775-1854) and especially Hegel (1770-1831), who finally formulated the basic ideas of dialectics from the point of view of objective idealism.

Dialectical logic on a materialistic basis was developed by K. Marx, F. Engels, V. Lenin.

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