36. CONCLUSION AS A FORM OF THINKING. TYPES OF CONCLUSIONS

Inference - is a form of thinking by which a new judgment is derived from one or more judgments.

Any conclusion consists of premises, conclusion and conclusion.

The premises of an inference are the initial judgments from which a new judgment is derived. A conclusion is a new judgment obtained logically from the premises. The logical transition from premises to conclusion is called inference.

For example: "The judge cannot participate in the consideration of the case if he is the victim (1). Judge N. is the victim (2). Therefore, he cannot participate in the consideration of the case (3)."

In this conclusion, the 1st and 2nd judgments are premises, the 3rd judgment is the conclusion.

When analyzing the conclusion, it is customary to write the premises and the conclusion separately, placing them under each other. The conclusion is written under the horizontal line separating it from the premises and denoting the logical consequence. The words "therefore" and close to it in meaning ("means", "therefore", etc.) are usually not written under the line. Accordingly, the given example will take the following form:

A judge cannot participate in the consideration of a case if he is a victim.

Judge N. - victim.

__________________________

Judge N. cannot participate in the consideration of the case.

The relationship of logical consequence between the premises and the conclusion presupposes a connection between the premises in terms of content. If the judgments are not related in content, then the conclusion from them is impossible. If there is a meaningful connection between the premises, we can obtain new true knowledge in the process of reasoning, subject to two conditions: first, the initial judgments - the premises of the conclusion must be true; secondly, in the process of reasoning, one should follow the rules of inference, which determine the logical correctness of the conclusion.

Inferences are divided into the following types.

1. Depending on the severity of the inference rules, there are demonstrative (necessary) and non-demonstrative (plausible) conclusions.

Demonstrative inferences are characterized by the fact that the conclusion in them necessarily follows from the premises, i.e. the logical consequence in such conclusions is a logical law. In non-demonstrative inferences, the rules of inference provide only the probabilistic conclusion of the conclusion from the premises.

2. According to the nature of the connection between knowledge of varying degrees of generality, expressed in premises and conclusions, there are three types of inferences: deductive (from general knowledge to particular), inductive (from private to general knowledge), reasoning by analogy (from private knowledge to private).

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