Логика. Метод сходства как метод научной индукции (самое важное)

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Логика. Метод сходства как метод научной индукции (самое важное)

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58. METHOD OF SIMILARITY AS A METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC INDUCTION

Modern logic describes five methods for establishing causal relationships: the method of similarity, the method of difference, the combined method of similarity and difference, the method of concomitant changes, the method of residues.

similarity method

Using the similarity method, several cases are compared, in each of which the phenomenon under study occurs; Moreover, all cases are similar only in one way and different in all other circumstances.

The similarity method is called the method of finding the common in the different, since all cases are noticeably different from each other, except for one circumstance.

Consider an example of reasoning by the method of similarity. In the summer period, a medical center in one of the villages recorded three cases of dysentery in a short time (d). When clarifying the source of the disease, the main attention was paid to the following types of water and food, which more often than others can cause intestinal diseases in the summer: A - drinking water from wells; M - water from the river; B - milk; C - vegetables; F - fruits. The study showed that the spread of dysentery is associated, apparently, with the consumption of milk. This was later confirmed by additional studies.

The scheme of reasoning by the method of similarity has the following form:

1) ABC calls d;

2) MBF calls d;

3) MBC calls d. Apparently, B is the cause of d.

The similarity method yields high-likelihood conclusions if:

1) all possible causes of the phenomenon under study have been established;

2) it is established that circumstance B precedes event d;

3) all circumstances that are not necessary for the investigated action are excluded;

4) each of the circumstances does not interact with others.

Despite the problematic nature of the conclusion, the similarity method performs an important heuristic function in the process of cognition, it contributes to the construction of fruitful hypotheses, the verification of which leads to the discovery of new truths in science.

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