Logics. Scientific induction. Induction by elimination (most important)

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Logics. Scientific induction. Induction by elimination (most important)

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57. SCIENTIFIC INDUCTION. INDUCTION BY THE METHOD OF EXCLUSION

Scientific induction is an inference in which a generalization is built by selecting the necessary and excluding random circumstances.

Depending on the methods of research, induction is distinguished by the method of selection (selection) and exclusion (elimination).

Induction by exclusion, or eliminative induction- is a system of inferences in which conclusions about the causes of the phenomena under study are drawn by detecting confirming circumstances and excluding circumstances that do not satisfy the properties of a causal relationship.

The cognitive role of eliminative induction is the analysis of causal relationships. Causal is such a connection between two phenomena, when one of them, the cause, precedes and causes the other, the action. The most important properties of a causal connection, which predetermine the methodical nature of eliminative induction, are its following characteristics:

1. The universality of causality. There are no uncaused phenomena in the world.

2. Consistency in time. Cause always precedes action. In some cases, the action follows the cause instantly, in a matter of fractions of a second. For example, a shot from a firearm occurs as soon as the primer in the cartridge ignites. In other cases, the cause causes the action after a longer period of time. For example, poisoning can occur after a few seconds, minutes, hours or days, depending on

the strength of the poison and the state of the body. Since the cause always precedes the action, out of many circumstances in the process of inductive research, only those are selected that manifested themselves before the action of interest to us and exclude from consideration (eliminate) those that arose simultaneously with it and appeared after it. Sequence in time is a necessary condition for causation, but by itself it is not sufficient to discover the real cause. Recognition of this condition as sufficient often leads to an error called "after this, therefore, because of this" (post hoc, ergo propter hoc). Lightning, for example, was formerly considered the cause of thunder because sound is perceived later than a flash of light, although these are simultaneously occurring phenomena. In investigative practice, the threat of a certain person against another and the subsequent violence against the person of the second person are sometimes mistakenly interpreted as a causal connection, although it is well known that threats are not always carried out.

3. Causality is distinguished by the property of necessity. This means that an action can be carried out only in the presence of a cause, the absence of a cause necessarily leads to the absence of an action.

4. The unambiguous nature of the causal relationship. Each specific cause always causes a well-defined action corresponding to it. The relationship between cause and effect is such that changes in the cause necessarily entail changes in the effect, and vice versa, changes in the effect indicate a change in the cause.

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