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52. INDUCTIVE CONCLUSION, ITS TYPES AND LOGICAL STRUCTURE
The logical transition from knowledge about individual phenomena to general knowledge takes place in the form of inductive reasoning, or induction (from Latin - guidance).
Inductive inference is an inference in which, based on the attribute’s belonging to individual objects or parts of a certain class, a conclusion is drawn about its belonging to the class as a whole..
In the history of physics, for example, it has been experimentally established that iron rods conduct electricity well. The same property was found in copper rods and silver. Considering that these conductors belong to metals, an inductive generalization was made that electrical conductivity is inherent in all metals.
The premises of the inductive inference are judgments in which the information obtained empirically about the frequency of the feature P for a number of phenomena - S1, S2, Sn, belonging to the same class K. is fixed. The scheme of the inference has the following form:
1) S1 has a sign P;
S2 has a sign P;
................................
Sn has the sign R.
2) S1, S2.....Sn - elements (parts) of class K.
All objects of class K have the attribute R.
At the heart of the logical transition from premises to conclusions in inductive inference is the position, confirmed by millennia of practice, about the natural development of the world, the universal nature of the causal relationship, the manifestation of the necessary signs of phenomena through their universality and stable recurrence. It is these methodological provisions that justify the logical consistency and effectiveness of inductive conclusions.
The main function of inductive inferences in the process of cognition is generalization, that is, obtaining general judgments. In terms of their content and cognitive significance, these generalizations can be of a different nature - from the simplest generalizations of everyday practice to empirical generalizations in science or universal judgments expressing universal laws.
An important place belongs to inductive conclusions in forensic and investigative practice - on their basis, numerous generalizations are formulated regarding ordinary relations between people, motives and goals for committing unlawful acts, methods of committing crimes, typical reactions of perpetrators of a crime to the actions of investigating authorities, etc.
Depending on the completeness and completeness of the empirical study, two types of inductive reasoning are distinguished: complete induction and incomplete. In incomplete induction, popular and scientific are distinguished, depending on the method of selecting the source material. Scientific induction is divided, depending on the method of research, into induction by selection and induction by exclusion.
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