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8. CONCEPT AS A FORM OF THINKING
A concept is a form of thinking that reflects objects in their essential features.
A feature of an object is that in which objects are similar to each other or in which they differ from each other. Everything that characterizes an object in one way or another allows us to consider it precisely as a given object, and not another, and serves as its sign for a person (i.e., an indicator, a sign, a means of recognizing the object).
Signs of an object can be of the most diverse nature. They can be general and single, essential and insignificant, necessary and accidental. The concepts are based on general, essential and necessary features. The concept is of an objective nature, i.e., it reflects the things, processes, phenomena, their properties, connections and relations that are concretely existing in the material or spiritual activity of people. At the same time, concepts are relatively independent. The subject may disappear, but the concept of it can be preserved and passed on from generation to generation. With the change in human activity, new concepts appear.
Concepts are fixed and expressed in words and phrases. The unity of the concept and the word does not mean their complete coincidence. Concepts are unambiguous, and words often have many meanings. Every language has homonyms and synonyms. Homonyms are words that coincide in sound and form, but express different concepts (for example, the word "braid" means a strand of hair, a narrow strip of land, a tool for cutting grass, etc.). Synonyms - words that are close or identical in meaning, but different in sound (for example, homeland and fatherland, illness and disease, legal science - jurisprudence, etc.).
In different national languages, the same concept is expressed in different words.
Concepts serve as one of the most important ways of spiritual mastering of the world by man. They perform two main functions.
The first is educational. The concept is formed as a result of revealing the most general properties of objects, i.e., already in the process of their formation, concepts help to comprehend the general properties of objects, and therefore, to cognize their essence. Concepts serve as a means of further knowledge of the world by a person with the help of a logical operation of subsuming an object under a concept. For example, the concept of "substance" was formed as a result of highlighting the general properties of objects in the surrounding world. In the future, it was extended to new phenomena, allowing them to distinguish properties already known to man.
The second is communicative, which consists in the fact that the concept is a means of communication. Consolidating their knowledge in the form of concepts, people then exchange them in the process of communication, and also pass them on to subsequent generations. Thus, the social inheritance of knowledge is carried out, the spiritual continuity of generations is ensured.
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A bird listening to the singing of another bird experiences the same emotions as a person listening to music, scientists concluded as a result of a study published in Neuroscience.
"We found that humans listening to pleasant music and female birds listening to a male's song during the nesting season activated the same neural systems," says Sara Erk of Emory University. In males, hearing the song of another male, the reaction was different - the amygdala was activated, as happens in people who hear dissonant, unpleasant sounds.
Erk analyzed the results of studies that visualized the results of the nervous activity of a person listening to music. In addition, she reviewed bird brain maps from Money's lab, which uses songbirds as a model for studying neural structures in complex behavior. Some of the birds in the study were treated with hormones to encourage reproduction, while others were hormonally lowered. Outside of the breeding season, birds of both sexes used song to establish and maintain position in the flock. During the breeding season, the function of singing was different - males sang to attract females, as well as scare away other males.
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