Logics. Criticism, its forms and methods (the most important)

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Logics. Criticism, its forms and methods (the most important)

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76. CRITICISM, ITS FORMS AND METHODS

Criticism - this is a logical operation aimed at destroying a previously held argumentation process. The form of expression can be implicit or explicit.

Implicit criticism - this is a skeptical assessment of the thesis without a specific analysis of the shortcomings and an accurate indication of weaknesses. Doubt in this case is expressed approximately in the following form: "Your ideas seem doubtful to me," etc.

Explicit criticism - an indication of specific shortcomings of the thesis. There can be three types of orientation: destructive, constructive and mixed.

Destructive is criticism aimed at destroying a thesis, argument or demonstration.

1. Criticism of the thesis. The thesis is regarded as deliberately false. Let us consider a direct refutation of the thesis, which is constructed in the form of an argument called “reduction to absurdity.” First, the truth of the put forward conditionally is assumed and the consequences logically following from it are derived. If, when comparing the consequences with the facts, it turns out that they contradict objective data, then they are thereby declared invalid. On this basis, they note the inconsistency of the thesis itself, reasoning according to the principle: false consequences always indicate the falsity of their basis.

2. Criticism of the arguments. It can be expressed in the fact that the opponent points out an inaccurate statement of facts, the ambiguity of the procedure for summarizing statistical data, expresses doubts about the authority of the expert whose conclusion is referred to, etc. Doubts about the correctness of the arguments are transferred to the thesis, which logically follows from the arguments and is also regarded as dubious. If the arguments are established to be false, the thesis is unconditionally considered unfounded and requires new, independent confirmation. 3.

Criticism of the demonstration. Show that there is no logical connection between the arguments and the thesis. If the thesis does not follow from the arguments, then it is considered unfounded. The initial and final points of reasoning are out of logical connection with each other.

Successful criticism of a demonstration presupposes a clear understanding of the rules and errors of the corresponding conclusions: deduction, induction, analogy, in the form of which the justification of the thesis proceeds.

Both the criticism of the arguments and the criticism of the demonstration in themselves only destroy the argument and show the groundlessness of the thesis. In this case, the thesis can be said that it is not based on arguments or is based on poor-quality arguments and requires a new justification.

Constructive criticism is the substantiation of one's own thesis in order to refute an alternative statement.

Constructive criticism requires the following:

Clearly and comprehensively present the thesis of your speech.

Show that this thesis is not only different from the proposed one, but contradicts it as an alternative one.

Concentrate efforts on the selection of arguments in favor of the proposed thesis for maximum evidentiary impact.

Mixed refers to criticism that combines constructive and destructive approaches.

<< Back: Indirect substantiation of the thesis

>> Forward: The basic rules of logical proof and the errors that are possible if they are violated. Rules and errors in relation to the thesis

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