Logics. Selective and exclusionary judgments (most important)

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Logics. Selective and exclusionary judgments (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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23. SELECTING AND EXCLUSIVE JUDGMENTS

A special place in the classification of judgments is occupied by distinguishing and excluding judgments.

Singling out judgments reflect the fact that the attribute expressed by the predicate belongs to (or does not belong) only to this and no other object.

Distinguishing judgments can be single, private and general. For example, "Only Zimin is a witness to the incident"

(S and only S is P - a single distinguishing proposition). It expresses the knowledge that Zimin is the only witness to the incident. The subject and predicate of this judgment have the same scope.

"Some cities are the capitals of states" - an example of a particular highlighting judgment (some S and only S are P). Only cities can be the capitals of states, and only a certain part of them. The predicate of a particular emphasizing judgment is completely included in the scope of the subject.

"All crimes, and only crimes prescribed by law, are socially dangerous acts" - an example of a general singling out judgment (All S, and only S, are P). The volumes of the subject and predicate of the general distinguishing judgment completely coincide.

The words "only", "only", which are part of sentences expressing highlighting judgments, can be placed both before the subject and before the predicate (for example, "Criminal punishment is applied only by a court verdict"). But they may not exist at all. In these cases, logical analysis helps to establish that this judgment is selective.

Exclusive is a judgment that reflects the belonging (or non-belonging) of a feature to all objects, with the exception of some part of them.. For example, “All students in our group, except Volkov, passed the exams.” Exclusive judgments are expressed by sentences with the words “except”, “except”, “besides”, “not counting”, etc.

(All S, with the exception of S', the essence is P).

The significance of distinguishing and excluding judgments lies in the fact that the provisions expressed in the form of these judgments are characterized by accuracy and certainty, which excludes their ambiguous understanding. For example, in the Constitution of the Russian Federation Art. 118 (part 1) and 123 (part 2) read: "Justice in the Russian Federation is carried out only by the court", "In absentia trial of criminal cases in courts is not allowed, except as provided for by federal laws."

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