Logics. Logical techniques for forming concepts (the most important)

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Logics. Logical techniques for forming concepts (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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9. LOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE FORMATION OF CONCEPTS

The formation of a concept is not a simple mirror act of reflecting the objects of reality, but a most complex dialectical process. It involves the activity of the researcher and includes many logical techniques, the most important of which are analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction and generalization.

The selection of features is associated with the mental division of objects into its constituent parts, sides, elements.

The mental breakdown of an object into parts is called analysis..

Elements, sides, features of the subject, identified through analysis, must be combined into a single whole. This is achieved with the help of a technique opposite to analysis - synthesis.

Synthesis - this is a logical technique with the help of which the mental connection of parts of an object dissected by analysis is carried out.

Comparison - mental comparison of one object with another, identifying signs of similarity and difference in one way or another.

Abstraction - mental simplification of objects by highlighting some features in them and abstracting from others, the result of this process is called abstraction or concept.

Generalization - mental association of homogeneous objects, their grouping based on certain common characteristics. Thanks to generalization, the essential features identified in individual objects are considered as signs of all objects to which this concept is applicable.

Thus, establishing the similarity (or difference) between objects (comparison), dividing similar objects into elements (analysis), highlighting essential features and abstracting from non-essential ones (abstraction), connecting essential features (synthesis) and extending them to all homogeneous objects (generalization), we form one of the main forms of thinking - the concept.

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