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78. BASIC RULES OF LOGICAL EVIDENCE AND ERRORS POSSIBLE IN THEIR VIOLATION. RULES AND ERRORS RELATED TO ARGUMENTS
The following rules must be followed for arguments:
▪ reliability;
▪ justification independent from the thesis;
▪ consistency;
▪ sufficiency.
1. Violation of this logical rule leads to two errors: taking a false argument as true - called the "basic fallacy" and anticipating the foundation. The reasons for the first error are the use of a non-existent fact as an argument, a reference to an event that did not actually take place, an indication of non-existent eyewitnesses, etc. arbitrarily taken provisions: they refer to rumors, to current opinions or assumptions made by someone and pass them off as arguments that allegedly substantiate the main thesis.
2. Autonomous substantiation of arguments means: since the arguments must be true, then before substantiating the thesis, the arguments themselves should be checked. At the same time, grounds are sought for arguments, without referring to the thesis. Otherwise, it may turn out that unproven arguments are substantiated by an unproven thesis. This error is called "circle in demo".
3. The requirement of consistency of arguments follows from the logical idea, according to which anything formally follows from a contradiction - both thesis and antithesis. Substantially, not a single proposition necessarily follows from contradictory grounds.
4. The requirement of sufficiency of arguments is connected with a logical measure - in their totality, the arguments must be such that, according to the rules of logic, a thesis to be proved must necessarily follow from them.
The sufficiency of arguments should be regarded not in terms of their number, but in terms of their weight. At the same time, separate, isolated arguments, as a rule, have little weight, because they allow different interpretations. It is a different matter if a number of arguments are used that are interconnected and reinforce each other.
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