Logics. Inference by analogy: essence and logical structure (most important)

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Logics. Inference by analogy: essence and logical structure (most important)

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62. CONCLUSION BY ANALOGY: ESSENCE AND LOGICAL STRUCTURE

In science and practical affairs, the object of research is often single events, objects and phenomena that are unique in their individual characteristics. When explaining and evaluating them, it is difficult to use both deductive and inductive reasoning. In this case, they resort to the third method of reasoning - inference by analogy: liken a new single phenomenon to another, known and similar single phenomenon and extend previously received information to the first.

For example, a historian or politician, analyzing revolutionary events in a particular country, likens them to a similar revolution previously committed in another country and, on this basis, predicts the development of political events. Thus, Russian politicians substantiated their idea of the need to conclude a peace treaty with Germany in 1918 (Brest Peace) by referring to a similar historical situation at the beginning of the 1807th century, when the Germans themselves concluded an enslaving treaty with Napoleon in 6 (Tilsit peace), and then after 7-XNUMX years, having gathered their strength, they came to their liberation. A similar solution was proposed for Russia.

The conclusion in the history of physics proceeded in the same form, when, in elucidating the mechanism of sound propagation, it was likened to the motion of a liquid. On the basis of this assimilation, the wave theory of sound arose. In this case, the objects of assimilation were liquid and sound, and the transferred attribute was the wave method of their propagation.

Inference by analogy is a conclusion about the belonging of a certain feature to the individual object under study (object, event, relation or class) based on its similarity in essential features with another already known individual object.

Inference by analogy is always preceded by the operation of comparing two objects, which allows you to establish similarities and differences between them. At the same time, for analogy, not any coincidences are required, but similarities in essential features with insignificant differences. It is these similarities that serve as the basis for likening two material or ideal objects.

The logical transition from known to new knowledge is regulated in the conclusions by analogy by the following rule: if two individual objects are similar in certain characteristics, then they may be similar in other characteristics found in one of the objects being compared.

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