80. DEMO ERRORS

Errors in the demo associated with the lack of a logical connection between the arguments and the thesis.

The absence of a logical connection between the arguments and the thesis is called the fallacy of "imaginary following".

The imaginary following often arises because of the discrepancy between the logical status of the premises in which the arguments are presented, and the logical status of the proposition containing the thesis. Let us point out typical cases of violation of the demonstration, regardless of the types of inferences used.

1. Logical transition from a narrow area to a wider area. The arguments, for example, describe the properties of a certain type of phenomena, while the thesis unreasonably refers to the properties of the entire type of phenomena, although it is known that not all features of a species are generic.

2. The transition from what has been said with a condition to what has been said unconditionally.

3. The transition from what was said in a certain relation to what was said without regard to anything else. So, following will be imaginary if, relying on problematic, even very probable arguments, they try to substantiate a reliable thesis.

The error of imaginary following also takes place in those cases when, to substantiate the thesis, arguments are given that are logically unrelated to the thesis under discussion. Among the many such tricks, we name the following:

Argument for strength. Instead of a logical substantiation of the thesis, they resort to extra-logical coercion - physical, economic, administrative, moral-political and other types of influence.

Argument for ignorance. Using the ignorance or ignorance of the opponent or listeners and imposing on them opinions that do not find objective confirmation or contradict science.

Argument for profit. Instead of a logical justification for the thesis, they agitate for its adoption because it is so beneficial in a moral-political or economic sense.

Reason for common sense. It is often used as an appeal to ordinary consciousness instead of a real justification. Although it is known that the concept of common sense is very relative, it is often deceptive, if it is not about household items.

An argument for compassion. It manifests itself in those cases when, instead of a real assessment of a particular act, they appeal to pity, philanthropy, compassion. This argument is usually resorted to in cases where it is a question of the possible conviction or punishment of a person for committed misconduct.

Argument for loyalty. Instead of substantiating the thesis as true, they tend to accept it by virtue of loyalty, affection, reverence, etc.

Argument for authority. Reference to an authoritative person or collective authority instead of a specific justification for the thesis.

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